Hondros Bio 253 comprehensive exam 2 with 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
accurate solutions 5
1.Neurons (Chapter 18): Communicating Cells
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2.Cell body: -contains ribosomes, rough endoplasmic er, Golgi apparatu
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-Neurotransmitters are packaged into vesticles s 5 5 5 5
-provide proteins for nerve fibers
5 5 5 5
3.Axon: - each neuron has 1 axon
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-carries impulses to target cells
5 5 5 5
4.Axon Hillock: Integrates incoming signals
5 5 5 5
5.Cytoskeleton: -microtubules of microfilaments, as well as neurofi
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 brils (budles 5 5
neufilaments) of
-allows transport of small organelles
5 5 5 5
6.Classifications of neurons: -Multipolar (motor are typically mult 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 ipola
Bipolar(rare, think of retina) 5 5 5
r)
Unipolar(pseudounipolar)(sensory are usually unipolar 5 5 5
7.Neurons have a limited capacity to repair themselves: -If the damage is not
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extensive, the cell body and the neurilemma are intact, and scarring has not
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
occurred than nerve fibers can be repaired
5 5 5 5 5 5
8.Stages of neuron repair: -after injury distal portion of the axon and myelin sheath
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degenerate
-Macrophages remove debris 5 5
-remaining neurilemma and endoneurium form a tunnel from the point of injury to
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
the effector
5
1 44
,-new Shawanna cells can grow in the tunnel to maintain a path of regrowth for the axon
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9.Glia: The supporting cells of the central nervous system / 5 typ
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
e
s
2 44
,Astrocytes: -Starshaped, Largest and most numerous type of g
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 li
-cell extensions connect to neurons and capillaries
5 5 5 5 5 5 a
-transfers the nutrients from the blood to the neuron.
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
-helps form and operate synapse
5 5 5 5
Microglia: -small usually stationary cells 5 5 5 5
-phagocytes
12. Ependymal cells: -lined fluid filled cavities in the CNS
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-make and circulate Cerebrospinal fluid
5 5 5 5
13.Oligodendrocytes: -smaller than astrocytes and have fewer pro 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 cesse
-hold the nerve fibers together
5 5 5 5 s
-producer the myelin sheath 5 5 5
14.Neuroglia: Schwann Cells: -Found only in Peripheral neurons 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
-Supportive nerve fibers and form the myelin sheaths
5 5 5 5 5 5 5
15.Myelin sheaths: -gaps between the segments and the Nodes of
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Ranvie
-Made is segments by glia cells
5 5 5 5 5 r
16.oligodendrocytes: located in the CNS 5 5 5 5
17.Schwann Cells: Located in the PNS 5 5 5 5 5
18.central nervous system: -consists of the brain and spinal cord
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-structural and center of the entire nervous system
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-Main function is evaluation
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3 44
, 19. peripheral nervous system: Nerves that are the outlier of the b od
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-Cranial nerves originate from the brain
5
y 5 5 5 5
-spinal nerves originate from the spinal cord
5 5 5 5 5 5
20.Afferent Division: (sensory) brings signals into the CNS 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
-consist of all incoming pathways
5 5 5 5
21.somatic sensory division: carries feedback information to the so tion matic
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
center in the CNS.
5 5 5
integra-
- these include the skin muscles and joints
5 5 5 5 5 5
22.Efferent Division: (motor)- carries signals to the effectors outside the nervous
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
system
Consist of all outgoing motor pathways
5 5 5 5 5
-sympatric division 5 5
parasympathetic division 5
23.somatic motor division / ans: carries information to somatic effectors such as the
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
skeletal muscles 5
- carries information to autonomic and visceral effectors like smooth and cardiac
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
muscles , adipose tissue 5 5 5
24.interneurons: integrate signals 5 5
25.Reflex Arc: The path of which something is sensed and then th
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 e 5
effect
26.Reflex arc path order: receptor -> afferent sensory neutron -> i
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 nterneuron
efferent neuron ->effector 5 5
->
4 44
accurate solutions 5
1.Neurons (Chapter 18): Communicating Cells
5 5 5 5
2.Cell body: -contains ribosomes, rough endoplasmic er, Golgi apparatu
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
-Neurotransmitters are packaged into vesticles s 5 5 5 5
-provide proteins for nerve fibers
5 5 5 5
3.Axon: - each neuron has 1 axon
5 5 5 5 5 5
-carries impulses to target cells
5 5 5 5
4.Axon Hillock: Integrates incoming signals
5 5 5 5
5.Cytoskeleton: -microtubules of microfilaments, as well as neurofi
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 brils (budles 5 5
neufilaments) of
-allows transport of small organelles
5 5 5 5
6.Classifications of neurons: -Multipolar (motor are typically mult 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 ipola
Bipolar(rare, think of retina) 5 5 5
r)
Unipolar(pseudounipolar)(sensory are usually unipolar 5 5 5
7.Neurons have a limited capacity to repair themselves: -If the damage is not
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
extensive, the cell body and the neurilemma are intact, and scarring has not
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
occurred than nerve fibers can be repaired
5 5 5 5 5 5
8.Stages of neuron repair: -after injury distal portion of the axon and myelin sheath
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
degenerate
-Macrophages remove debris 5 5
-remaining neurilemma and endoneurium form a tunnel from the point of injury to
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
the effector
5
1 44
,-new Shawanna cells can grow in the tunnel to maintain a path of regrowth for the axon
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
9.Glia: The supporting cells of the central nervous system / 5 typ
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
e
s
2 44
,Astrocytes: -Starshaped, Largest and most numerous type of g
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 li
-cell extensions connect to neurons and capillaries
5 5 5 5 5 5 a
-transfers the nutrients from the blood to the neuron.
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
-helps form and operate synapse
5 5 5 5
Microglia: -small usually stationary cells 5 5 5 5
-phagocytes
12. Ependymal cells: -lined fluid filled cavities in the CNS
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
-make and circulate Cerebrospinal fluid
5 5 5 5
13.Oligodendrocytes: -smaller than astrocytes and have fewer pro 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 cesse
-hold the nerve fibers together
5 5 5 5 s
-producer the myelin sheath 5 5 5
14.Neuroglia: Schwann Cells: -Found only in Peripheral neurons 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
-Supportive nerve fibers and form the myelin sheaths
5 5 5 5 5 5 5
15.Myelin sheaths: -gaps between the segments and the Nodes of
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Ranvie
-Made is segments by glia cells
5 5 5 5 5 r
16.oligodendrocytes: located in the CNS 5 5 5 5
17.Schwann Cells: Located in the PNS 5 5 5 5 5
18.central nervous system: -consists of the brain and spinal cord
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
-structural and center of the entire nervous system
5 5 5 5 5 5 5
-Main function is evaluation
5 5 5
3 44
, 19. peripheral nervous system: Nerves that are the outlier of the b od
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
-Cranial nerves originate from the brain
5
y 5 5 5 5
-spinal nerves originate from the spinal cord
5 5 5 5 5 5
20.Afferent Division: (sensory) brings signals into the CNS 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
-consist of all incoming pathways
5 5 5 5
21.somatic sensory division: carries feedback information to the so tion matic
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
center in the CNS.
5 5 5
integra-
- these include the skin muscles and joints
5 5 5 5 5 5
22.Efferent Division: (motor)- carries signals to the effectors outside the nervous
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
system
Consist of all outgoing motor pathways
5 5 5 5 5
-sympatric division 5 5
parasympathetic division 5
23.somatic motor division / ans: carries information to somatic effectors such as the
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
skeletal muscles 5
- carries information to autonomic and visceral effectors like smooth and cardiac
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
muscles , adipose tissue 5 5 5
24.interneurons: integrate signals 5 5
25.Reflex Arc: The path of which something is sensed and then th
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 e 5
effect
26.Reflex arc path order: receptor -> afferent sensory neutron -> i
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 nterneuron
efferent neuron ->effector 5 5
->
4 44
