I Isotope Geology & Geochemistry Quiz | Practice & Exam
Preparation
1. *Basics of the • Composed of an *atomic nucleus* which consists of *neutrons & protons*
Atom* and the outer *electron shell*
• General Construc-
tion of the atom Z=Proton
• Z= N=neutron
• N= Mass=A=Z+N
• Mass=
2. *Basics of the • Volume=1/10000 of atom=volume • angstrom
Atom* Mass=entire atom=1/2000 of proton mass
Volume and Mass
3. *Basics of the *Nuclide* Describes specific Z, N, and nucleation energy state
Atom*
• Nuclide *Electron Shells*
• Electron Shells KLMNOPQ
n=1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Increasing energy ’
4. *Basics of the • Standardized and defined by: *¹²Cmass/12*
Atom*
Atomic Mass in • Total atomic mass accounts for each isotope
AMU ³⁵Cl mass • isotopic proportions
³⁷Cl mass • isotopic proportions
sum both
a unit of mass used to express atomic and molecular weights, equal to
one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12. It is equal to approximately
1.66 x 10-27 kg
5.
, I Isotope Geology & Geochemistry Quiz | Practice & Exam
Preparation
*Basics of the Isotopes have the same Z and charge. Also behave similarly in terms of
Atom* chemical behavior. However, have ditterent mass *N*.
Isotopes
6. *Nuclide Chart* *Isotopes* same Z
• Isotopes *Isotones* same N
• Isotones *Isobars* same Z+N=A
• Isobars *Binding Energy* Negative energy lowers the total energy (proportional to
• Binding Energy m), the energy that holds a nucleus together, equal to the mass defect of the
nucleus.
7. *Nuclear Stability & *Stable Isotopes* Have lower overall energy, lower negative binding energy,
Radioactivity* and smaller nucleus
• Stable Isotopes
8. *Nuclear Stability & *α* emission of ⁴₂He
Radioactivity* *β⁻* n=P⁺+e⁻+v⁻
Radioactive Iso- *β⁺* P⁺=n+e⁻+v
topes can achieve v & V⁻ take excess energy and nuclear spin
lower energy by
α
β⁻
β⁺
9. *Nuclear Stability & *Electron Capture* e⁻+p⁺=m+v
Radioactivity* *Fission* large nuclei split
Radioactive Iso-
topes can achieve
, I Isotope Geology & Geochemistry Quiz | Practice & Exam
Preparation
lower energy by
Electron Capture
Fission
10. *Nuclear Stability & *Isomers* same Z, N, and A but ditter in energy state, they are metastable
Radioactivity* and higher energy, energy loss through γ thus having a ditterent manner of
Isomers radioactive decay, and that exist for a measurable interval of time.
11. *Half life decay* • the average lifetime of a radioactive particle it is larger than T½, where the
• T½ and mean life mean life equals T½/Ln2
decay
• Decay Constant *γ* is the decay constant which = Ln2/T½
12. *Half life decay* T=Ln(D/(N+1)/γ
Decay Rate Where
D=radiogenic Isotopes
N=remaining parent
γ=Known constant
Initial D₀ is possible
T=Ln((D-D₀)/(N+1)/γ
13. Minerals Ideal for
dating
Preparation
1. *Basics of the • Composed of an *atomic nucleus* which consists of *neutrons & protons*
Atom* and the outer *electron shell*
• General Construc-
tion of the atom Z=Proton
• Z= N=neutron
• N= Mass=A=Z+N
• Mass=
2. *Basics of the • Volume=1/10000 of atom=volume • angstrom
Atom* Mass=entire atom=1/2000 of proton mass
Volume and Mass
3. *Basics of the *Nuclide* Describes specific Z, N, and nucleation energy state
Atom*
• Nuclide *Electron Shells*
• Electron Shells KLMNOPQ
n=1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Increasing energy ’
4. *Basics of the • Standardized and defined by: *¹²Cmass/12*
Atom*
Atomic Mass in • Total atomic mass accounts for each isotope
AMU ³⁵Cl mass • isotopic proportions
³⁷Cl mass • isotopic proportions
sum both
a unit of mass used to express atomic and molecular weights, equal to
one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12. It is equal to approximately
1.66 x 10-27 kg
5.
, I Isotope Geology & Geochemistry Quiz | Practice & Exam
Preparation
*Basics of the Isotopes have the same Z and charge. Also behave similarly in terms of
Atom* chemical behavior. However, have ditterent mass *N*.
Isotopes
6. *Nuclide Chart* *Isotopes* same Z
• Isotopes *Isotones* same N
• Isotones *Isobars* same Z+N=A
• Isobars *Binding Energy* Negative energy lowers the total energy (proportional to
• Binding Energy m), the energy that holds a nucleus together, equal to the mass defect of the
nucleus.
7. *Nuclear Stability & *Stable Isotopes* Have lower overall energy, lower negative binding energy,
Radioactivity* and smaller nucleus
• Stable Isotopes
8. *Nuclear Stability & *α* emission of ⁴₂He
Radioactivity* *β⁻* n=P⁺+e⁻+v⁻
Radioactive Iso- *β⁺* P⁺=n+e⁻+v
topes can achieve v & V⁻ take excess energy and nuclear spin
lower energy by
α
β⁻
β⁺
9. *Nuclear Stability & *Electron Capture* e⁻+p⁺=m+v
Radioactivity* *Fission* large nuclei split
Radioactive Iso-
topes can achieve
, I Isotope Geology & Geochemistry Quiz | Practice & Exam
Preparation
lower energy by
Electron Capture
Fission
10. *Nuclear Stability & *Isomers* same Z, N, and A but ditter in energy state, they are metastable
Radioactivity* and higher energy, energy loss through γ thus having a ditterent manner of
Isomers radioactive decay, and that exist for a measurable interval of time.
11. *Half life decay* • the average lifetime of a radioactive particle it is larger than T½, where the
• T½ and mean life mean life equals T½/Ln2
decay
• Decay Constant *γ* is the decay constant which = Ln2/T½
12. *Half life decay* T=Ln(D/(N+1)/γ
Decay Rate Where
D=radiogenic Isotopes
N=remaining parent
γ=Known constant
Initial D₀ is possible
T=Ln((D-D₀)/(N+1)/γ
13. Minerals Ideal for
dating
