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Cel II: Samenvatting fysiologie (1ste bachelor geneeskunde/THK)(Prof Labro)

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Samenvatting van fysiologie, deel van vak Cel II (1ste bachelor geneeskunde en tandheelkunde) Geslaagd 1st zit met 16/20 door enkel deze sv te leren Bevat samenvatting van de slides, notities en alle tekeningen van Prof Labro uit de lessen.

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Hoofdstuk 2: Functional Organization of the Cell: membraanstructuur ...................................................4
SAMENVATTING H2 ..........................................................................................................................5
Hoofdstuk 3: Signaaltransductie ...........................................................................................................6
3.1 Directe cel-cel communicatie = juxtacrien .............................................................................6
3.2 Cel-cel communicatie via chemische signalen .......................................................................6
1) Ionotrope receptoren: Ligand geactiveerde kanalen ..........................................................7
2) Metabotrope receptoren: G-proteine gekoppelde receptoren (‘G-protein coupled
receptors’, GPCR) .....................................................................................................................7
Second messengers .............................................................................................................8
G𝛼-proteïnen: 3 belangrijkste effector (second messenger) modulatie mechanismen ..............8
1. Moduleren van adenylyl cyclase activiteit (cAMP conc) .................................................8
2. Phosphodiesterase (afbraak v cGMP) ...........................................................................9
Modulatie kanaal/receptor activiteit ......................................................................................9
Gαt: stimulatie phosphodiesterase (PDE) => cGMP daalt ........................................................9
Cyclisch GMP afgebroken tot GMP .........................................................................................9
t= transducin: belangrijk in cones in ogen (fototransductie) .....................................................9
3. Phospholipase (afbraak PL) .........................................................................................9
3) Metabotrope: katalytische receptoren ..............................................................................9
1. Guanyl cyclase ......................................................................................................... 10
2. Serine/threonine kinase ............................................................................................ 10
3. Tyrosine kinase (belangrijkste) ................................................................................... 10
4. Tyrosine kinase associated receptors ......................................................................... 10
5. Receptor tyrosine fosfatase ....................................................................................... 10
4) Intracellulair gelocaliseerde receptor signaling ............................................................... 10
5.1 Simpele diffusie.................................................................................................................. 11
Diffusie: ................................................................................................................................. 12
Electrodiffusie: ....................................................................................................................... 12
Nernst vergelijking: ............................................................................................................. 12
5.2 Gefaciliteerde diffusie ......................................................................................................... 13
Ionenkanalen ......................................................................................................................... 13
Ligandgevoelige ionenkanalen: ............................................................................................ 13
Spanningsgevoelige ionenkanalen: ...................................................................................... 13
Kenmerken ionkanalen: .......................................................................................................... 13
Solute Carriers (SLC): ............................................................................................................. 14
Kenmerken van gefaciliteerde diffusie: ..................................................................................... 14
5.3 Actief transport .................................................................................................................. 14
P-ATPases: Na-K pomp ........................................................................................................... 14

, Fcts vd Na/K pomp: ............................................................................................................ 15
Farmacologie vd Na/K pomp: .............................................................................................. 16
F-ATPases: ............................................................................................................................. 16
V-ATPases: ............................................................................................................................. 16
ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters .................................................................................. 16
Samenvatting primair actief transport: ..................................................................................... 16
Co-transport: SGLT ................................................................................................................. 17
Antiporters: exchangers .......................................................................................................... 17
Nernst vgl om evenwichtspotentiaal te berekenen .................................................................... 17
Andere vb van secundair actief transport ................................................................................. 17
5.4 Mechanismen van biologisch transport ................................................................................ 20
Gibbs-Donnan evenwicht: ....................................................................................................... 21
Epitheel: ................................................................................................................................ 21
Regulatie cel volume – watertransport samenvatting ................................................................ 22
Capillairen: ............................................................................................................................ 22
Ontstaan hersenoedeem bij beroerte ................................................................................... 23
Hoofdstuk 6: elektrofysiologie van het celmembraan ........................................................................... 24
6.1 Ionaire basis van membraanpotentialen .............................................................................. 24
6.2 Membraan potentiaal, GHK voltage equation........................................................................ 24
Hudgkin huxley: squid axon ..................................................................................................... 28
Two-electrode voltage-clamp = negative feedback amplifier ..................................................... 28
Patch clamp techniek: ............................................................................................................ 28
Open state vs closed state ...................................................................................................... 28
Macroscopische stroom ......................................................................................................... 29
Ionenkanalen klasseren: ......................................................................................................... 30
Hoofdstuk 7: elektrische exciteerbaarheid en actie potentialen ............................................................ 30
Actiepotentiaal AP ......................................................................................................................... 30
Elektrotonische voortgeleiding en propagatie van actiepotentialen ................................................... 33
Myelinizatie ............................................................................................................................ 34
Demyelinisatie: trage of geen conductie ................................................................................... 34
Kanalen ......................................................................................................................................... 34
Hartritmeregulatie .................................................................................................................. 36
Hoofdstuk 8: Synaptische transmissie en neuromusculaire junctie ....................................................... 37
Elektrische synaps: gap junction ..................................................................................................... 37
Chemische synaps ......................................................................................................................... 38
Neuromusculaire junctie (NMJ) ....................................................................................................... 39

, Meten vd post-synaptische depolarisatie (= end-plate-potentiaal)(EPP) ..................................... 39
Hoofdstuk 9: cellulaire fysiologie van skeletspieren, hartspieren en gladde spieren ............................... 40
1. Skeletspier ............................................................................................................................. 40
Transverse tubules (T tubules) in plasmamembranen ............................................................... 40
Actine, tropomyosine: ............................................................................................................. 41
Mechanismen om Ca2+ te verwijderen uit het cytoplasma ........................................................ 42
Isometrische contractie => tensie ............................................................................................ 43
Isotonische contractie => verkorting ........................................................................................ 43
Duur spiercontractie ............................................................................................................... 43
Frequency summation ............................................................................................................ 44
Multiple fiber summation ........................................................................................................ 44
2. Hartspier ............................................................................................................................... 44
3. Gladde spiercel .......................................................................................................................... 45
3 mechanismen voor toename intracellulaire Ca2+ .................................................................. 46

,H1: intro

Hoofdstuk 2: Functional Organization of the Cell:
membraanstructuur
Cel: omhuld door plasma/celmembraan met fosfolipide dubbellaag (bilayer: 2 leaflets), scheiding intra-
en extracellulaire milieu
Fosfolipiden: amfipatisch: hydrofiel hoofd, hydrofobe vetzuurstaart (met glycerol molecule => triglyceride)
Sfingolipiden: sfingoide ipv glycerol
Verzadigd vs onverzadigde vetzuur: beïnvloed vloeibh, structuur, dikte v membraan, dierlijke cellen: 1
verzadigde 1 onv
- Plasmamembraan, fosfolipidemembraan = vloeibare structuur + Tgevoelig: gel-sol state
2 toestanden: gel fase is vast, vloeibaar is sol fase
Tm = transitietemp
o Zuiver lipiden membraan: kort en onverz: lage Tm,
Lang en verz: hoge Tm
Hoe langer en verzadigder vetketen, hoe hoger Tm (hoe meer interactie, hoe dichter op
een)
Hoe korter: zwakke interactie => zwakke pakking (nadeel; membraan scheuren/gaten dus
meer permeabel)
o Biologische membranen: vers. fosfolipiden en cholesterol: ch zorgt voor vaster
membraan, fosfolipide kan minder bewegen + ch verbreekt interacties
▪ Lage hoev ch: membraan stijver, minder permeabel, kern v membraan blijft
vloeib
▪ Hoge hoev ch: vloeibheid neemt toe, beïnvloedt werking membraan proteïne
Ong 5.10^9 PL/cel
Vloeibh < laterale diffusie in leaflet + rotatie
- Flip-flop beweging is E ongunstig voor PL (want polaire hoofdjes moeten
door hydrofobe staarten)(verbruikt ATP)
- Flippases/ scramblases/floppases: keren fosfolipide tussen 2 zijdn v
membraan om, ATP-hydrolyse E wordt gebruikt




- Cholesterol flip-flops makkelijk overheen membraan (<-> fosfolipide)
Zelfde cholesterol conc in binnenste buitenste lipidelaag
Asymmetrie in biol membranen (leaflets): beïnvloedt buiging + vloeibaarheid, intra neg geladen tov extrac
zijde
Microdomeinen: bevatten meer cholesterol, spingolipides (dikkere membranen, accumulatie v
membraanproteinen)

, SAMENVATTING H2
1. Membraan lipiden vormen bilayer in water door amfipatisch karakter
a. Want hoofd polair en staart apolair
b. Meeste lipiden zijn fosfolipiden (PL)
c. Andere cholesterol en glycolipiden
2. Dubbellaag vormt een 2D ‘vloeibare fase’
a. Lipiden ondergaan vrije laterale diffusie in leaflet: rotatie/buiging v lipides
b. Flip-flop nr andere leaflet (zeldzaam: E barrière)(verreist flippase, floppase, scramblase)
3. Vloeibheid v membraan bep door lipidensamenstelling
a. Zuivere PL: gel nr sol bij Tm (die afh is v lengte en verzadigdheid)
b. Biol membraan: cholesterol => minder permeabel, vloeibaardere kern
4. ‘lipid rafts’
a. Lokale conc v spec lipiden, sfingomyeline, cholesterol en proteïnen
b. Dikker dan de rest v membraan door extra verz PL
c. Rol in signaaltransductie + bevatten glycolipiden
5. Asymmetrie in biol membranen
a. Aanrijking spec PL beide zijden zoals PiP2 (intra) en glycolipiden (extra)
b. Asymmetrie in Pl compositie (flip floppase) en curvature (buiging)
c. Cytosol zijde negatiever dan extra c zijde
d. Spec compositie nodig vo fct v membraanproteïnen
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