6/4/25, 10:05 AM Psychopathology
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY NEWEST MIDTERM EXAM 2025-
2026 \LATEST UPDATE WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS
AND ACCURATE DETAILED ANSWERS \ACTUAL EXAM
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS \GRADED A+
"Epigenetics": Masterpasqua, F. (2009). Psychology and Epigenetics.
mechanisms of gene
expression that can be
maintained across cell
divisions, and thus the life
of the organism, without
changing the DNA
sequence...Of special
significance to
psychopathology are the
findings that
environmental and
psychosocial factors can
change the epigenome.
Research also suggests
that some experiences
and epigenetic changes of
an individual can be passed
down to more than one
generation of descendants.
Links between epigenetics
and psychopathology are
emerging, pointing
towards new possibilities
for conceptualizing,
preventing, and treating
/ 1/92
,6/4/25, 10:00 AM Psychopathology Exam 1
disorders.
Research shows that
epigenetic changes, as a
result of prenatal
environments, early care-
giving, transgeneration,
etc... can be erased using
pharmacological
interventions. Future
research could focus on
developing interventions
for maladaptive epigenetic
changes, and also
preventing pathogenic
experiences.
Etiologies of disorders are Waldman, I. D. (2007). Behavior genetic approaches are
multifaceted. Understand the integral for understanding the etiology of
interaction between genes psychopathology.
and environment give a
more complete picture to
etiology than either
dimension alone. Walden
uses the example of a
cardboard box: you cannot
define it by its length or
width alone. You can make
assumptions about one
dimension when holding
other dimensions constant
though.
/ 2/9
2
,6/4/25, 10:00 AM Psychopathology Exam 1
•A plurality (70ish%) of Fairbank, J. A. (2008). The epidemiology of trauma and
children and youth trauma-related disorders in youth and children.
experience exposure to
one or more traumatic
events in their lifetimes.
• Yet, as Finkelhor & Jones
(2004) have noted,
precisely estimating
trends over time is an
ongoing challenge. We
also know that children
exposed to trauma —
especially those with
multiple experiences
— are particularly
vulnerable to a range of
psychological, behavioral,
and emotional problems
(Paolucci et al., 2001),
social maladjustment
(Schwartz & Proctor, 2000),
and academic failure
(Delaney-Black et al.,
2002).
• The cumulative
epidemiological evidence is
that the adverse effects of
traumatic stress
experienced from infancy
through adolescence may
extend well into
adulthood, increasing risk
for lifelong problems such
as depression, PTSD,
substance abuse, low
occupational attainment,
and poor medical health.
/ 3/9
2
, 6/4/25, 10:00 AM Psychopathology Exam 1
• DP is at once a perspective Hinshaw, P. (2013). Developmental Psychopathology as
on the origins of mental a Scientific Discipline (Chapter 1).
disorders that begin
during childhood and
adolescence, a
multidisciplinary
conceptual approach
linking normative
development to
psychopathology, and a
scientific discipline closely
tied to clinical
child/adolescent
psychology and
psychiatry but
transcending the usual
diagnosis-based emphasis
of these fields (Cicchetti &
Cohen, 2006; Cicchetti &
Toth, 2009). Through its
focus on the dynamic
interplay of biology and
context, genes and
environments, and ''inner''
versus ''outer'' influences
on the development of
healthy and atypical
functioning, it has come to
dominate current thinking
and research on
psychopathology
• [T]he DP model emphasizes
malleability,
flexibility, and plasticity in
development, although
the presence of multiple
risk factors is clearly linked
to lowered chances of
/ 4/9
2
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY NEWEST MIDTERM EXAM 2025-
2026 \LATEST UPDATE WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS
AND ACCURATE DETAILED ANSWERS \ACTUAL EXAM
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS \GRADED A+
"Epigenetics": Masterpasqua, F. (2009). Psychology and Epigenetics.
mechanisms of gene
expression that can be
maintained across cell
divisions, and thus the life
of the organism, without
changing the DNA
sequence...Of special
significance to
psychopathology are the
findings that
environmental and
psychosocial factors can
change the epigenome.
Research also suggests
that some experiences
and epigenetic changes of
an individual can be passed
down to more than one
generation of descendants.
Links between epigenetics
and psychopathology are
emerging, pointing
towards new possibilities
for conceptualizing,
preventing, and treating
/ 1/92
,6/4/25, 10:00 AM Psychopathology Exam 1
disorders.
Research shows that
epigenetic changes, as a
result of prenatal
environments, early care-
giving, transgeneration,
etc... can be erased using
pharmacological
interventions. Future
research could focus on
developing interventions
for maladaptive epigenetic
changes, and also
preventing pathogenic
experiences.
Etiologies of disorders are Waldman, I. D. (2007). Behavior genetic approaches are
multifaceted. Understand the integral for understanding the etiology of
interaction between genes psychopathology.
and environment give a
more complete picture to
etiology than either
dimension alone. Walden
uses the example of a
cardboard box: you cannot
define it by its length or
width alone. You can make
assumptions about one
dimension when holding
other dimensions constant
though.
/ 2/9
2
,6/4/25, 10:00 AM Psychopathology Exam 1
•A plurality (70ish%) of Fairbank, J. A. (2008). The epidemiology of trauma and
children and youth trauma-related disorders in youth and children.
experience exposure to
one or more traumatic
events in their lifetimes.
• Yet, as Finkelhor & Jones
(2004) have noted,
precisely estimating
trends over time is an
ongoing challenge. We
also know that children
exposed to trauma —
especially those with
multiple experiences
— are particularly
vulnerable to a range of
psychological, behavioral,
and emotional problems
(Paolucci et al., 2001),
social maladjustment
(Schwartz & Proctor, 2000),
and academic failure
(Delaney-Black et al.,
2002).
• The cumulative
epidemiological evidence is
that the adverse effects of
traumatic stress
experienced from infancy
through adolescence may
extend well into
adulthood, increasing risk
for lifelong problems such
as depression, PTSD,
substance abuse, low
occupational attainment,
and poor medical health.
/ 3/9
2
, 6/4/25, 10:00 AM Psychopathology Exam 1
• DP is at once a perspective Hinshaw, P. (2013). Developmental Psychopathology as
on the origins of mental a Scientific Discipline (Chapter 1).
disorders that begin
during childhood and
adolescence, a
multidisciplinary
conceptual approach
linking normative
development to
psychopathology, and a
scientific discipline closely
tied to clinical
child/adolescent
psychology and
psychiatry but
transcending the usual
diagnosis-based emphasis
of these fields (Cicchetti &
Cohen, 2006; Cicchetti &
Toth, 2009). Through its
focus on the dynamic
interplay of biology and
context, genes and
environments, and ''inner''
versus ''outer'' influences
on the development of
healthy and atypical
functioning, it has come to
dominate current thinking
and research on
psychopathology
• [T]he DP model emphasizes
malleability,
flexibility, and plasticity in
development, although
the presence of multiple
risk factors is clearly linked
to lowered chances of
/ 4/9
2
