AnHlt 142 Drug Calculations and Pharmacology Final Exam Questions with Correct Answers Graded A+

AnHlt 142 Drug Calculations and Pharmacology Final Exam Questions with Correct Answers Graded A+

Three-Way Safety Check - Answers Check the drug label for the correct drug and dosage when:

1. you dispense the medication

2. you remove it from pharmacy

3. you replace the medication

NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) - Answers Uses: provide analgesia, reduce fever, and
control inflammation (no sedation); useful for mild to moderate pain control



Mechanism of action: work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX); NSAIDs that selectively inhibit COX2 are
though to produce fewer GI effects



Side effects/contraindications: GI ulceration, vomiting, diarrhea, liver and kidney toxicity; always give
with food; avoid in dehydrated animals; IV fluids when given as pre-med; never give with aspirin,
steroids, or other NSAIDs



*All patients need an annual physical exam and blood work prior to and 2-3 weeks after starting
NSAIDs*

Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) - Answers NSAID



Uses: analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, reduces clot formation; used in feline cardiomyopathy &
arthritis (rarely)



Mechanism of action: inhibits cyclooxyrgenase; inhibits prostaglandin production (prostaglandins lead to
pain, fever, inflammation)



Side effects/contraindications: gastric irritation, ulceration and bleeding, caution in cats

Phenylbutazone - Answers NSAID

,Uses: anti-inflammatory and antipyretic for horses



Side effects: GI ulceration, renal toxicity



*Not used in small animals*

Advil (Ibuprofen) - Answers NSAID



Not used in dogs/cats; serious GI ulceration

Rimadyl (Carprofen) - Answers NSAID



Uses: DJD pain, post-op pain, dental post-op pain, pre-anesthetic combined with a narcotic



Mechanism of action: primarily COX2 inhibitor



Side effects/contraindications: rare; kidney, liver, GI, as with all NSAIDs

Metacam (Meloxicam) - Answers NSAID



Uses: post-op pain, arthritis



Mechanism of action: COX2 inhibitor

Previcox - Answers NSAID



Uses: arthritis and pain control



Mechanism of action: COX2 inhibitor

,Galliprant - Answers NSAID (non-COX inhibitor)



Uses: arthritis in the dog



Mechanism of action: EP4 receptor antagonist (primary editor of canine pain/inflammation)



*May have less renal/liver toxicities than the COX inhibitors*

NSAIDs in Cats - Answers -Metacam is an approved NSAID for use in cats as a single injection post-
operatively



-Useful for post-op pain and long-term use for arthritis

Onsior (Robenacoxib) - Answers NSAID approved for oral and injectable use in cats



Mechanism of action: COX2 inhibitor



*Eliminated via the liver, not kidneys*

Tylenol (Acetominophen) - Answers Not an NSAID



Uses: analgesic with limited antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity; "escape drug" for severe DJD in
dogs only



*Never give to cats! Causes cyanosis, anemia, liver failure.*

DMSO - Answers Clear liquid noted for anti-inflammatory properties and its ability to carry other drugs
through the skin



Uses: acute swelling from trauma topically applied; IV to reduce cerebral edema; treat chemotherapy
perivascular injection sites topically; ear inflammation

, Principles of Administering Analgesics - Answers The best way to treat pain is to prevent it.



Multimodal analgesia often produces better pain relief than single agents.



Avoid "wind-up"

(when nerve receptors are repeatedly stimulated, they become over-sensitized and discharge pain
sensation at a lower threshold)

General and Clinical Signs of Pain - Answers behavioral changes

vocalization

escape attempts

pacing/anxiousness

restlessness/insomnia

aggression

lack of use

nocturia with joint pain

poor grooming with dental pain in cats

insomnia/unwilling to lay down with abdominal pain



increased HR, BP, RR

peripheral vasoconstriction

pupil dilation/mydriasis

Signs of Pain in Cats - Answers holding head down;

squinting eyes or hiding head;

hunched back;

reluctant to move;

don't respond to people;