COMSAE 2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8bdvst
1. Sheehan Syn- A rare condition that occurs secondary to pituitary ischemia and subsequent
drome infarction following significant postpartum bleeding. This occurs due to the de-
creased perfusion of the pituitary during the final stages of pregnancy and labor
process. This can also occur due to significant blood loss during labor, leading
to hypoperfusion of the pituitary gland and subsequent infarction. This will in
turn cause a global decrease in the hormones that are produced in the anterior
pituitary.
The production of ADH and oxytocin is not affected because both hormones are
produced in the hypothalamus, and stored in the posterior pituitary gland.
2. Bosentan & Am- They treat pulmonary hypertension by competitively antagonizing endothelin-1
brisentan MOA receptors, thus, decreasing pulmonary vascular resistance.
3. Inclusion Body Characterized by inflammation and endomysial infiltrates of CD8+ T cells and
Myositis macrophages that focally surround and invade myofibrils. The presence of
rimmed vacuoles is a characteristic feature. It is more common in males over the
age of 50-years-old. It manifests as an insidious onset of proximal muscle weak-
ness, often with associated distal muscle weakness. The distribution of weakness
is variable, but unlike polymyositis and dermatomyositis, asymmetry is common.
Early involvement of the knee extensors, ankle dorsiflexors, and wrist and finger
flexors is characteristic. Weakness of the wrist and finger flexors is often greater
than their extensor counterparts. Hence, loss of finger dexterity and grip strength
may be a prominent symptom. It also commonly causes greater weakness in knee
extension when compared with the hip flexors. Deep tendon reflexes may be
impaired or absent if weakness is severe. Laboratory results reveal a normal to
slightly elevated level of serum creatine kinase. Muscle biopsy is the gold standard
for diagnosis.
4. Polymyalgia A disease of the elderly that causes proximal myalgias of the hip and shoulder
Rheumatica girdles. The symptoms appear first in the shoulder girdle, and patients commonly
complain of stiffness after prolonged inactivity. The shoulder and hip girdles
, COMSAE 2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8bdvst
can be painful and stiff, causing difficulty in rising from a chair or raising their
arms over their shoulder. Patients also have morning stiffness that typically lasts
for more than one hour. There is no muscle weakness, as compared to der-
matomyositis and polymyositis. It is commonly associated with giant cell arteritis.
Laboratory studies reveal an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) > 40 mm/h.
Treatment is with prednisone.
5. What is the ge- XLR
netic transmis-
sion of Duchenne
& Becker Muscu-
lar Dystrophy?
6. 5% Sheep Blood Blood agar usually contains 5% sheep blood and is used to determine hemolysis
added to? patterns of Streptococcus
7. Eosin-methylene A staining agent used to visualize Escherichia coli that show up as a metallic sheen.
blue is added to?
8. Nystatin is added Nystatin is a part of the VPN or Thayer-Martin agar designed to grow Neisseria
to help culture gonorrhoeae.
which organism?
9. What 2 OMM Asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood and asthma symp-
techniques can toms include wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness and cough. Asthma
be used to thin involves hypersensitivity of the bronchi and lower airways to allergens, cold or
mucous secre- other irritants. This results in inflammation, bronchospasm and mucous plugging.
tions in a pt with β-2-agonists help dilate the bronchioles but do not directly affect the sympathetic
Asthma? nerves which regulate secretions. Persistent asthma can drive the upper thoracic
(particularly T1-T4) sympathetic nerves into a chronically active state. One par-
ticularly significant physiologic response of this is proliferation of goblet cells.
These cells in the bronchial mucosa produce thick, tenacious secretions which are
difficult to clear. Rib raising is one method of normalizing (in this case, decreasing)
, COMSAE 2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8bdvst
sympathetic tone to thin the secretions. Another useful method is the thoracic
pump, which can be particularly helpful in normalizing lymphatic flow out of
congested tissues.
10. Sympathetic
Vicerosomatics
11. Isolated Tricus- The most common causes are due to carcinoid heart disease and right atrial
pid Stenosis MC myxoma.
from?
12. What is the MOA It causes the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and thereby reduces the
of an Aspirin amount of ATP produced. Aspirin transports protons generated by the electron
Overdose? transport chain back into the mitochondrial matrix. This decreases the amount of
protons available for ATP synthase to use for formation of ATP. As a result, there
is an accumulation of carbon dioxide in the body. Which leads to a respiratory
alkolosis which is then followed by a Metabolic acidosis to recompensate (Mixed)
13. What is the Anti- Amyl nitrite. Cyanide inhibits cytochrome oxidase enzyme in the electron transport
dote for Cyanide chain within mitochondria. This causes depletion of ATP. Patients with cyanide
Poisoning? poisoning present with elevated heart rates, drowsiness, and eventual coma and
death.
14. Alkpatonuria An AR disorder that results from deficient activity of the enzyme homogentisic
oxidase. It results in elevated levels of homogentisic acid which forms a pigment
that is deposited in connective tissue and joints throughout the body. It typically
presents in the 3rd decade of life, with initial pigmentation occurring in the
ear cartilage and sclera of the eyes. A dark pigment is also deposited in the
large joints and the lumbosacral spine. This leads to early onset arthritis and
can result in joint replacements at a younger age. The disorder is characterized
by urine that is of a normal color initially, but turns a dark black color if left
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8bdvst
1. Sheehan Syn- A rare condition that occurs secondary to pituitary ischemia and subsequent
drome infarction following significant postpartum bleeding. This occurs due to the de-
creased perfusion of the pituitary during the final stages of pregnancy and labor
process. This can also occur due to significant blood loss during labor, leading
to hypoperfusion of the pituitary gland and subsequent infarction. This will in
turn cause a global decrease in the hormones that are produced in the anterior
pituitary.
The production of ADH and oxytocin is not affected because both hormones are
produced in the hypothalamus, and stored in the posterior pituitary gland.
2. Bosentan & Am- They treat pulmonary hypertension by competitively antagonizing endothelin-1
brisentan MOA receptors, thus, decreasing pulmonary vascular resistance.
3. Inclusion Body Characterized by inflammation and endomysial infiltrates of CD8+ T cells and
Myositis macrophages that focally surround and invade myofibrils. The presence of
rimmed vacuoles is a characteristic feature. It is more common in males over the
age of 50-years-old. It manifests as an insidious onset of proximal muscle weak-
ness, often with associated distal muscle weakness. The distribution of weakness
is variable, but unlike polymyositis and dermatomyositis, asymmetry is common.
Early involvement of the knee extensors, ankle dorsiflexors, and wrist and finger
flexors is characteristic. Weakness of the wrist and finger flexors is often greater
than their extensor counterparts. Hence, loss of finger dexterity and grip strength
may be a prominent symptom. It also commonly causes greater weakness in knee
extension when compared with the hip flexors. Deep tendon reflexes may be
impaired or absent if weakness is severe. Laboratory results reveal a normal to
slightly elevated level of serum creatine kinase. Muscle biopsy is the gold standard
for diagnosis.
4. Polymyalgia A disease of the elderly that causes proximal myalgias of the hip and shoulder
Rheumatica girdles. The symptoms appear first in the shoulder girdle, and patients commonly
complain of stiffness after prolonged inactivity. The shoulder and hip girdles
, COMSAE 2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8bdvst
can be painful and stiff, causing difficulty in rising from a chair or raising their
arms over their shoulder. Patients also have morning stiffness that typically lasts
for more than one hour. There is no muscle weakness, as compared to der-
matomyositis and polymyositis. It is commonly associated with giant cell arteritis.
Laboratory studies reveal an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) > 40 mm/h.
Treatment is with prednisone.
5. What is the ge- XLR
netic transmis-
sion of Duchenne
& Becker Muscu-
lar Dystrophy?
6. 5% Sheep Blood Blood agar usually contains 5% sheep blood and is used to determine hemolysis
added to? patterns of Streptococcus
7. Eosin-methylene A staining agent used to visualize Escherichia coli that show up as a metallic sheen.
blue is added to?
8. Nystatin is added Nystatin is a part of the VPN or Thayer-Martin agar designed to grow Neisseria
to help culture gonorrhoeae.
which organism?
9. What 2 OMM Asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood and asthma symp-
techniques can toms include wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness and cough. Asthma
be used to thin involves hypersensitivity of the bronchi and lower airways to allergens, cold or
mucous secre- other irritants. This results in inflammation, bronchospasm and mucous plugging.
tions in a pt with β-2-agonists help dilate the bronchioles but do not directly affect the sympathetic
Asthma? nerves which regulate secretions. Persistent asthma can drive the upper thoracic
(particularly T1-T4) sympathetic nerves into a chronically active state. One par-
ticularly significant physiologic response of this is proliferation of goblet cells.
These cells in the bronchial mucosa produce thick, tenacious secretions which are
difficult to clear. Rib raising is one method of normalizing (in this case, decreasing)
, COMSAE 2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8bdvst
sympathetic tone to thin the secretions. Another useful method is the thoracic
pump, which can be particularly helpful in normalizing lymphatic flow out of
congested tissues.
10. Sympathetic
Vicerosomatics
11. Isolated Tricus- The most common causes are due to carcinoid heart disease and right atrial
pid Stenosis MC myxoma.
from?
12. What is the MOA It causes the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and thereby reduces the
of an Aspirin amount of ATP produced. Aspirin transports protons generated by the electron
Overdose? transport chain back into the mitochondrial matrix. This decreases the amount of
protons available for ATP synthase to use for formation of ATP. As a result, there
is an accumulation of carbon dioxide in the body. Which leads to a respiratory
alkolosis which is then followed by a Metabolic acidosis to recompensate (Mixed)
13. What is the Anti- Amyl nitrite. Cyanide inhibits cytochrome oxidase enzyme in the electron transport
dote for Cyanide chain within mitochondria. This causes depletion of ATP. Patients with cyanide
Poisoning? poisoning present with elevated heart rates, drowsiness, and eventual coma and
death.
14. Alkpatonuria An AR disorder that results from deficient activity of the enzyme homogentisic
oxidase. It results in elevated levels of homogentisic acid which forms a pigment
that is deposited in connective tissue and joints throughout the body. It typically
presents in the 3rd decade of life, with initial pigmentation occurring in the
ear cartilage and sclera of the eyes. A dark pigment is also deposited in the
large joints and the lumbosacral spine. This leads to early onset arthritis and
can result in joint replacements at a younger age. The disorder is characterized
by urine that is of a normal color initially, but turns a dark black color if left
