ARDMS Fetal Echocardiography Questions
with Correct Answers 2025/2026
What is the incidence of Ebstein's anomaly? - CORRECT ANSWER -1%
What chromosomal anomalies are associated with Ebstein's? - CORRECT ANSWER -Trisomy 13,
18, and 21
What arrhythmia is associated with Ebstein's anomaly? - CORRECT ANSWER -SVT
What other 2 things are commonly associated with Ebstein's? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Cardiomegaly and hydrops
What other cardiac anomalies are frequently seen with Ebstein's? - CORRECT ANSWER -ASD,
PS/PA, VSD, TOF, subaortic AS, COA
What is the typical cardiac position in Ebstein's anomaly? - CORRECT ANSWER -Severe
levocardia
What is the best echo view to diagnose Ebstein's? - CORRECT ANSWER -4 Chamber view
What leaflet of the tricupisd valve is described as "sail like" with Ebstein's anomaly? - CORRECT
ANSWER -The anterior leaflet
What maternal drug has been associated with Ebstein's anomaly? - CORRECT ANSWER -Lithium
What value is an increased CT ratio? - CORRECT ANSWER ->0.45
,What rate is persistent fetal tachycardia? - CORRECT ANSWER ->180 bpm
What rate is persistent fetal bradycardia? - CORRECT ANSWER -<120 bpm
When is a fetal echocardiogram commonly performed? - CORRECT ANSWER -18-22 weeks
gestational age
What is a normal fetal heart rate? - CORRECT ANSWER -120-180 bpm
What should the equipment settings be for the equipment for a fetal echo? - CORRECT ANSWER
-High color PRF and Doppler, low persistance
temporal resolution - CORRECT ANSWER -ability to accurately locate moving structures at any
particular instant in time
What are the factors that affect temporal resolution? - CORRECT ANSWER -frequency, depth
and focus, sector angle, zoom magnification
The chromosome abnormality that carries the highest risk of an associated cardiac defect is: -
CORRECT ANSWER -Edwards Syndrome
A normal E/A ratio of the mitral or tricuspid valve in the fetus is: - CORRECT ANSWER -<1
The most common fetal cardiac abnormality associated with maternal infection is: - CORRECT
ANSWER -cardiomyopathy
, The most common fetal cardiac abnormality associated with maternal lupus erythematosus is: -
CORRECT ANSWER -complete heart block
Most congenital diaphragmatic hernias are of which type? - CORRECT ANSWER -Bochdalek
On ultrasonography, a type III cystic adenomatoid malformation will appear: - CORRECT
ANSWER -hyperechoic
bronchopulmonary sequestration can be confirmed with ultrasonography by identifying a(n): -
CORRECT ANSWER -anomalous feeding artery
Patau Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER -Trisomy 13
Edwards syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER -Trisomy 18
What percentage of isolated atrial septal defects will close spontaneously after birth? -
CORRECT ANSWER -60%
What type of ASD is caused by excessive resorption of the septum primum? - CORRECT ANSWER
-ostium secundum
AVSD associated with complete heart block are most commonly associated with: - CORRECT
ANSWER -asplenia
Which maternal condition has a strong association with AVSD? - CORRECT ANSWER -Diabetes
If a woman has a history of an AVSD, her offspring has a ___ percent change of having an AVSD -
CORRECT ANSWER -14%
with Correct Answers 2025/2026
What is the incidence of Ebstein's anomaly? - CORRECT ANSWER -1%
What chromosomal anomalies are associated with Ebstein's? - CORRECT ANSWER -Trisomy 13,
18, and 21
What arrhythmia is associated with Ebstein's anomaly? - CORRECT ANSWER -SVT
What other 2 things are commonly associated with Ebstein's? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Cardiomegaly and hydrops
What other cardiac anomalies are frequently seen with Ebstein's? - CORRECT ANSWER -ASD,
PS/PA, VSD, TOF, subaortic AS, COA
What is the typical cardiac position in Ebstein's anomaly? - CORRECT ANSWER -Severe
levocardia
What is the best echo view to diagnose Ebstein's? - CORRECT ANSWER -4 Chamber view
What leaflet of the tricupisd valve is described as "sail like" with Ebstein's anomaly? - CORRECT
ANSWER -The anterior leaflet
What maternal drug has been associated with Ebstein's anomaly? - CORRECT ANSWER -Lithium
What value is an increased CT ratio? - CORRECT ANSWER ->0.45
,What rate is persistent fetal tachycardia? - CORRECT ANSWER ->180 bpm
What rate is persistent fetal bradycardia? - CORRECT ANSWER -<120 bpm
When is a fetal echocardiogram commonly performed? - CORRECT ANSWER -18-22 weeks
gestational age
What is a normal fetal heart rate? - CORRECT ANSWER -120-180 bpm
What should the equipment settings be for the equipment for a fetal echo? - CORRECT ANSWER
-High color PRF and Doppler, low persistance
temporal resolution - CORRECT ANSWER -ability to accurately locate moving structures at any
particular instant in time
What are the factors that affect temporal resolution? - CORRECT ANSWER -frequency, depth
and focus, sector angle, zoom magnification
The chromosome abnormality that carries the highest risk of an associated cardiac defect is: -
CORRECT ANSWER -Edwards Syndrome
A normal E/A ratio of the mitral or tricuspid valve in the fetus is: - CORRECT ANSWER -<1
The most common fetal cardiac abnormality associated with maternal infection is: - CORRECT
ANSWER -cardiomyopathy
, The most common fetal cardiac abnormality associated with maternal lupus erythematosus is: -
CORRECT ANSWER -complete heart block
Most congenital diaphragmatic hernias are of which type? - CORRECT ANSWER -Bochdalek
On ultrasonography, a type III cystic adenomatoid malformation will appear: - CORRECT
ANSWER -hyperechoic
bronchopulmonary sequestration can be confirmed with ultrasonography by identifying a(n): -
CORRECT ANSWER -anomalous feeding artery
Patau Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER -Trisomy 13
Edwards syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER -Trisomy 18
What percentage of isolated atrial septal defects will close spontaneously after birth? -
CORRECT ANSWER -60%
What type of ASD is caused by excessive resorption of the septum primum? - CORRECT ANSWER
-ostium secundum
AVSD associated with complete heart block are most commonly associated with: - CORRECT
ANSWER -asplenia
Which maternal condition has a strong association with AVSD? - CORRECT ANSWER -Diabetes
If a woman has a history of an AVSD, her offspring has a ___ percent change of having an AVSD -
CORRECT ANSWER -14%
