NE 333 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
Neuropharmacology - ANSWER concerned with drug-induced changes in the
functioning of cells in the nervous system
Psychopharmacology - ANSWER emphasizes drug-induced changes in mood, thinking,
and behavior
pharmacokinetics - ANSWER - concerned with the movement of drugs within the body
- drug action
pharmacodynamics - ANSWER - study of drug-receptor interactions
- concerned with the effects of drugs and their mechanism of action
Pharmacokinetic factors determining drug action - ANSWER 1. routes of administration
- how the drug enters the body
2. absorption and distribution - how the drug moves through the body
3. binding - how the drug attaches to its target site
4. inactivation - how the drug action stops
5. excretion - how the drug exits the body (inactivation and excretion = clearance)
Bioavailability - ANSWER amount of drug in the blood that is free to bind at specific
target sites to elicit drug action
Target/active sites - ANSWER neuron receptors on target tissues
inactive sites where drugs can bind - ANSWER blood plasma proteins or storage depots
in bone or fat
Enteral methods of administration - ANSWER - use of the gastrointestinal tract
- slow in onset
- produce highly variable levels of the drug
- oral or rectal route
Parenteral administration - ANSWER - do not use alimentary canal
- ex: injection, pulmonary, and topical administration
,First pass metabolism - ANSWER - The first pass effect is a phenomenon of drug
metabolism whereby the concentration of a drug, specifically when administered orally,
is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation. It is the fraction of drug
lost during the process of absorption which is generally related to the liver and gut wall.
- these types of drugs must be administered at higher doses or in an alternative manner
such as injection
- oral administration produces drug plasma levels that are more irregular and
unpredictable and rise more slowly than those produced by other methods of
administration
- occurs when drugs pass via the portal vein to the liver where they are chemically
altered
Routes of administration with first pass effects - ANSWER - oral
- intraperitoneal
Inhalation as one of the fastest route of administration - ANSWER - rapid absorption
occurs after inhalation because the large surface area of the lungs and the rich capillary
networks provide efficient exchange of gases to and from the blood
Injection types - ANSWER -Intravenous: in vein (jugular)
-Subcutaneous: under the skin
-Intramuscular: directly into blood supply of muscle
-Intraocular: in the eye
Intravenous injection - ANSWER - the most rapid and accurate method of drug
administration
- a precise quantity of the drug is placed directly into the blood and passage through cell
membranes such as the stomach wall is eliminated
- drug reaches the brain almost instantly
Intramuscular injection - ANSWER - slower, more even absorption over a period of time
- drugs are usually absorbed within 10-30 minutes
- absorption can be slowed down by combining the drug with a second drug that
constricts blood vessels, because the rate of drug absorption is dependent on the rate
of blood flow to the muscle
- slow, sustained action,
topical application - ANSWER - application of drugs to mucous membranes
, - includes conjunctiva of the eye, the oral cavity, nasopharynx, vagina, colon, and
urethra
- provides local drug effects, but some can be readily absorbed into general circulation,
leading to widespread effects
the time course of drug blood level depending on route of administration - ANSWER 1.
intravenous --> instantaneous peak when drug is placed in blood, followed by rapid
decline
2. intramuscular --> rapid absorption and rapid decline
3. intramuscular-oil --> slower absorption and gradual decline
4. subcutaneous --> slow absorption (some of the drug is metabolized before absorption
is complete), no sharp peaks, blood levels are lower
5. oral --> lowest blood levels, short time over threshold for effectiveness
Slow absorption means... - ANSWER the liver is able to metabolize and act on some of
the drug molecules before absorption is complete
Oral advantages and disadvantages - ANSWER - Advantages: safe, self administered,
economical, no needle-related complications
- Disadvantages: slow and highly variable absorption, subject to first pass metabolism,
less predictable blood levels
Intravenous advantages and disadvantages - ANSWER - Advantages: most rapid, most
accurate blood concentration
- Disadvantages: overdose danger, cannot be readily reversed, requires sterile needles
and medical technique
intramuscular advantages and disadvantages - ANSWER - Advantages: slow and even
absorption
- Disadvantages: localized irritation at site of injection, needs sterile equipment
subcutaneous advantages and disadvantages - ANSWER - Advantages: slow and
prolonged absorption
- Disadvantages: variable absorption depending on blood flow
Inhalation advantages and disadvantages - ANSWER - Advantages: large absorption
surface, very rapid onset, no injection equipment needed
CORRECT ANSWERS
Neuropharmacology - ANSWER concerned with drug-induced changes in the
functioning of cells in the nervous system
Psychopharmacology - ANSWER emphasizes drug-induced changes in mood, thinking,
and behavior
pharmacokinetics - ANSWER - concerned with the movement of drugs within the body
- drug action
pharmacodynamics - ANSWER - study of drug-receptor interactions
- concerned with the effects of drugs and their mechanism of action
Pharmacokinetic factors determining drug action - ANSWER 1. routes of administration
- how the drug enters the body
2. absorption and distribution - how the drug moves through the body
3. binding - how the drug attaches to its target site
4. inactivation - how the drug action stops
5. excretion - how the drug exits the body (inactivation and excretion = clearance)
Bioavailability - ANSWER amount of drug in the blood that is free to bind at specific
target sites to elicit drug action
Target/active sites - ANSWER neuron receptors on target tissues
inactive sites where drugs can bind - ANSWER blood plasma proteins or storage depots
in bone or fat
Enteral methods of administration - ANSWER - use of the gastrointestinal tract
- slow in onset
- produce highly variable levels of the drug
- oral or rectal route
Parenteral administration - ANSWER - do not use alimentary canal
- ex: injection, pulmonary, and topical administration
,First pass metabolism - ANSWER - The first pass effect is a phenomenon of drug
metabolism whereby the concentration of a drug, specifically when administered orally,
is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation. It is the fraction of drug
lost during the process of absorption which is generally related to the liver and gut wall.
- these types of drugs must be administered at higher doses or in an alternative manner
such as injection
- oral administration produces drug plasma levels that are more irregular and
unpredictable and rise more slowly than those produced by other methods of
administration
- occurs when drugs pass via the portal vein to the liver where they are chemically
altered
Routes of administration with first pass effects - ANSWER - oral
- intraperitoneal
Inhalation as one of the fastest route of administration - ANSWER - rapid absorption
occurs after inhalation because the large surface area of the lungs and the rich capillary
networks provide efficient exchange of gases to and from the blood
Injection types - ANSWER -Intravenous: in vein (jugular)
-Subcutaneous: under the skin
-Intramuscular: directly into blood supply of muscle
-Intraocular: in the eye
Intravenous injection - ANSWER - the most rapid and accurate method of drug
administration
- a precise quantity of the drug is placed directly into the blood and passage through cell
membranes such as the stomach wall is eliminated
- drug reaches the brain almost instantly
Intramuscular injection - ANSWER - slower, more even absorption over a period of time
- drugs are usually absorbed within 10-30 minutes
- absorption can be slowed down by combining the drug with a second drug that
constricts blood vessels, because the rate of drug absorption is dependent on the rate
of blood flow to the muscle
- slow, sustained action,
topical application - ANSWER - application of drugs to mucous membranes
, - includes conjunctiva of the eye, the oral cavity, nasopharynx, vagina, colon, and
urethra
- provides local drug effects, but some can be readily absorbed into general circulation,
leading to widespread effects
the time course of drug blood level depending on route of administration - ANSWER 1.
intravenous --> instantaneous peak when drug is placed in blood, followed by rapid
decline
2. intramuscular --> rapid absorption and rapid decline
3. intramuscular-oil --> slower absorption and gradual decline
4. subcutaneous --> slow absorption (some of the drug is metabolized before absorption
is complete), no sharp peaks, blood levels are lower
5. oral --> lowest blood levels, short time over threshold for effectiveness
Slow absorption means... - ANSWER the liver is able to metabolize and act on some of
the drug molecules before absorption is complete
Oral advantages and disadvantages - ANSWER - Advantages: safe, self administered,
economical, no needle-related complications
- Disadvantages: slow and highly variable absorption, subject to first pass metabolism,
less predictable blood levels
Intravenous advantages and disadvantages - ANSWER - Advantages: most rapid, most
accurate blood concentration
- Disadvantages: overdose danger, cannot be readily reversed, requires sterile needles
and medical technique
intramuscular advantages and disadvantages - ANSWER - Advantages: slow and even
absorption
- Disadvantages: localized irritation at site of injection, needs sterile equipment
subcutaneous advantages and disadvantages - ANSWER - Advantages: slow and
prolonged absorption
- Disadvantages: variable absorption depending on blood flow
Inhalation advantages and disadvantages - ANSWER - Advantages: large absorption
surface, very rapid onset, no injection equipment needed
