BIO 242 Final Exam Question and Answers
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Endothermic (2) Animals that generate heat by metabolism
Includes birds and mammals
Ectothermic (2) Animals that gain heat from external sources
Includes fishes, amphibians, nonavian reptiles, and most invertebrates
Advantages of Endothermy Animals can maintain a stable body temperature even in the face
of large fluctuations in external environmental temperature
Advantages of Ectothermy Animals can consume less food than equally sized endotherms
Tolerate greater variation in internal temperature
Bioenergetics (3) Overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal, meeting basic
needs before biosynthesis (growth and repair, fat, gametes)
Determines an animal's nutritional needs
Relates to animal's size, activity, and environment
Metabolic Rate and BMR & SMR All energy use/time unit
Affected by age, sex, size, activity, temp, nutrition
,BMR - rate when endotherm is at rest, with an empty stomach, not experiencing stress
SMR - rate for an ectotherm
The spinal cord - conveys information to and from the brain and generates basic patterns of
locomotion
- produces reflexes independently of the brain
- Reflex: the body's automatic response to a stimulus
Forebrain function activities including processing of olfactory input, regulation of sleep,
learning, and any complex processing
Midbrain function coordinates routing of sensory input
Hindbrain function controls involuntary activities and coordinates motor activities
How did the shape/size of the brain or brain regions change in various species? - Midbrain
large in fish for sensory input and hindbrain large for motor activities
- Forebrain large in birds and mammals for cognition and learning
Cerebrum - Forebrain
- Function: skeletal muscle contraction, learning, emotion, memory, perception
- Cerebral cortex (separate slide)
, Cerebral Cortex - outer layer - perception, voluntary movement, learning
- Left cerebral cortex receives info and coordinates movement of right side of body and vice
versa
- A thick band of axons called the corpus callosum enables the right and left cerebral cortices to
communicate
Diencephalon - Forebrain
- gives rise to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus and also has endocrine functions
(pituitary gland releasing hormones)
Thalamus - Part of the Diencephalon, forebrain
- input center for sensory info, which gets sorted and sent to appropriate cerebral centers in
cerebrum
What does the presynaptic neuron do? synthesizes and packages the neurotransmitter in
synaptic vesicles located in the synaptic terminal
What releases the neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron? action potentials
Process of neurotransmitter travel Presynaptic neuron --> released by action potentials -->
neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft --> postsynaptic cell --> eventually needs to be
removed
Hypothalamus - Part of the Diencephalon, forebrain
Verified by Expert
Endothermic (2) Animals that generate heat by metabolism
Includes birds and mammals
Ectothermic (2) Animals that gain heat from external sources
Includes fishes, amphibians, nonavian reptiles, and most invertebrates
Advantages of Endothermy Animals can maintain a stable body temperature even in the face
of large fluctuations in external environmental temperature
Advantages of Ectothermy Animals can consume less food than equally sized endotherms
Tolerate greater variation in internal temperature
Bioenergetics (3) Overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal, meeting basic
needs before biosynthesis (growth and repair, fat, gametes)
Determines an animal's nutritional needs
Relates to animal's size, activity, and environment
Metabolic Rate and BMR & SMR All energy use/time unit
Affected by age, sex, size, activity, temp, nutrition
,BMR - rate when endotherm is at rest, with an empty stomach, not experiencing stress
SMR - rate for an ectotherm
The spinal cord - conveys information to and from the brain and generates basic patterns of
locomotion
- produces reflexes independently of the brain
- Reflex: the body's automatic response to a stimulus
Forebrain function activities including processing of olfactory input, regulation of sleep,
learning, and any complex processing
Midbrain function coordinates routing of sensory input
Hindbrain function controls involuntary activities and coordinates motor activities
How did the shape/size of the brain or brain regions change in various species? - Midbrain
large in fish for sensory input and hindbrain large for motor activities
- Forebrain large in birds and mammals for cognition and learning
Cerebrum - Forebrain
- Function: skeletal muscle contraction, learning, emotion, memory, perception
- Cerebral cortex (separate slide)
, Cerebral Cortex - outer layer - perception, voluntary movement, learning
- Left cerebral cortex receives info and coordinates movement of right side of body and vice
versa
- A thick band of axons called the corpus callosum enables the right and left cerebral cortices to
communicate
Diencephalon - Forebrain
- gives rise to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus and also has endocrine functions
(pituitary gland releasing hormones)
Thalamus - Part of the Diencephalon, forebrain
- input center for sensory info, which gets sorted and sent to appropriate cerebral centers in
cerebrum
What does the presynaptic neuron do? synthesizes and packages the neurotransmitter in
synaptic vesicles located in the synaptic terminal
What releases the neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron? action potentials
Process of neurotransmitter travel Presynaptic neuron --> released by action potentials -->
neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft --> postsynaptic cell --> eventually needs to be
removed
Hypothalamus - Part of the Diencephalon, forebrain
