NR507- ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS 2025 GRADED A+
Acute renal failure correct answers >> Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with
good output; this indicates that kidneys are functioning
well
Acute Pyelonephritis correct answers >> Diagnosing
by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can be similar
to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may
not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and
urinary tract imaging
GRADED A+
,Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) correct answers >>
Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure correct answers >> Chronic
Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal
function associated with systemic disease such as
hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk
factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney
disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and
albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? correct answers >>
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD
with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus
combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is
completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the
patient's GFR rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms
are present:
GRADED A+
, --Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG
changes (peaked T-waves) is an indication for dialysis. --
Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is
an indication for dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium,
Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to
diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the
blood stream.
Stage I CKD correct answers >> There is kidney
damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD correct answers >> There is kidney
damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD correct answers >> There is a
moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD correct answers >> There is a severe
decrease in GFR
GRADED A+
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS 2025 GRADED A+
Acute renal failure correct answers >> Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with
good output; this indicates that kidneys are functioning
well
Acute Pyelonephritis correct answers >> Diagnosing
by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can be similar
to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may
not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and
urinary tract imaging
GRADED A+
,Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) correct answers >>
Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure correct answers >> Chronic
Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal
function associated with systemic disease such as
hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk
factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney
disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and
albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? correct answers >>
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD
with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus
combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is
completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the
patient's GFR rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms
are present:
GRADED A+
, --Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG
changes (peaked T-waves) is an indication for dialysis. --
Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is
an indication for dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium,
Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to
diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the
blood stream.
Stage I CKD correct answers >> There is kidney
damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD correct answers >> There is kidney
damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD correct answers >> There is a
moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD correct answers >> There is a severe
decrease in GFR
GRADED A+
