Intro to psych Rollins Test 2 Exam |172
Questions with Solutions
What is consciousness? - -degree of awareness to know what is going on
around you
- Can we be influenced by stimuli of which we are unaware? - -yes and it is
very common
- What is priming? - -when prior exposure to a stimulus has unconscious
influences on our behavior subconsciously (ie: spelling the word "feet" after
previously being exposed to hearing word feet)
- What are subliminal stimuli? - -stimuli so brief, faint, or weak that we are
not consciously aware of them. But can still influence behavior
- How effective is subliminal persuasion? - -not very effective don't have to
worry about other people controlling our behavior through persuasion
- What is attention? - -A concentration or focusing of mental activity:
involves trying to perceive
- What is selective attention? - -try to pay attention to just one thing while
ignoring everything else. Oblivious to everything else around us
- What is the cocktail party effect? - -refers to ability to pay attention to just
one conversation when there are many conversations going on around you.
If someone in a nearby conversation mentions your name; it immediately
grabs your attention. Suggests that you are unconsciously monitoring these
other conversations
- What is divided attention? - -try to focus on two or more things at once
- How does dividing attention affect accuracy? - -attention is a limited
resource. You can run out. The more you try to focus on at once, the more
mistakes you will make
- What is change blindness? - -failure to detect large changes in a visual
scene. Changes you think you would notice
- What is a circadian rhythm? - -rhythm that repeats every 24 hours. Cycle
of behavior or physiology that repeats approximately every 24 hours and
most animals show some sort of circadian rhythm. Controlled in part by part
of hypothalamus
,- What structure controls circadian rhythms? - -hypothalamus
- What are some factors influencing whether a person tends to be more alert
in the morning or evening? - -age and genetics
- What are circadian low-points (when are people at their sleepiest)? - -
when you are sleepiest. People tend to be at sleepiest at 1-4 pm and am.
Also correspond to drop in performance and increase in accidents during
these times. Believed that our natural circadian rhythm promotes longer
period of sleep during night and shorter during day (nap)
- What does an electroencephalogram measure? - -indicate that there are 4
main stages of sleep. Device that Measures electrical activity of the brain
through electrodes pasted on the scalp. Measures: 1. Synchronous activity of
thousands of neurons firing together. 2. Exhibits wavelike patterns of
activity. "brain waves"- often called EEG, waves of activity of brain
- What are the stages of sleep? - -NREM 1, NREM 2, NREM 3, REM
- NREM 1 - -when you first fall asleep. Lightest stage of sleep. Easy to
awaken. Common to hallucinate or to jerk themselves awake (hipnic jerk)
- NREM 2 - -little deeper than 1. Where you spend most of your time
sleeping
- NREM 3 - -deepest stage of sleep. Refers to what used to be known as
stage 3 and 4 and now just one stage. Heart rate, blood pressure, body
temp, breathing rate, are all about as low as they get. Physiological slowing
down. Most likely to sleep walk, talk, or wet bed at this stage
- REM - -"paradoxical sleep" Rapid eye movement. Most dreaming takes
place during REM. Also known as paradoxical sleep (because internally, the
body and brain are very active while externally seems calm. Brain activity
comsumes more oxygen during REM then when you are awake. Similar blood
pressure and temp while you are wake. Muscles are paralyzed while you are
in REM except for minor twitches to prevent you from getting up and acting
out your dreams
- In what order does one progress through the sleep stages during a
complete sleep cycle? - -NREM 1, NREM 2, NREM 3, NREM 2, REM
- What is slow-wave sleep? - -called NREM 3 because slow wave
- How do EEG recordings (brain waves) change during the stages of sleep in
terms of amplitude and frequency? - -LOOK UP
, - What happens during REM sleep? - -Brain activity comsumes more oxygen
during REM then when you are awake. Similar blood pressure and temp while
you are wake. Muscles are paralyzed while you are in REM except for minor
twitches to prevent you from getting up and acting out your dreams
- Why is REM sleep paradoxical? - -while the brain and other body systems
become more active, your muscles become more relaxed, or paralyzed.
Dreaming occurs because of increased brain activity, but voluntary muscles
become paralyzed
- Does the evidence suggest that other animals dream during REM? - -
nearly all mammals exhibit REM sleep. Believed that other animals like us
dream during REM. Evidence comes from studies in cats in which researchers
disable portion of brain responsible for muscle paralysis that occurs during
REM and monitored cats and found that during REM, cats got up and moved
around and were acting out cat dreams
- How does the amount of time spent in the stages generally change as a
night's sleep progresses? - -Changes in amount of time spent in stages over
the night-spend less and less time in NREM 3 (first half of night's sleep) and
more and more time in NREM 2(at end of sleep). REM spend more time later
in night
- Does everyone need the same amount of sleep? - -most people need
about 8hrs to be at their best but varies. Genetically influenced. Older you
get have more interruption in sleep. Less time in stage 3 spent
- What happens when someone goes without sleep? - -Sleep deprivation
- What are microsleeps? - -periods of sleep that laugh for few seconds at a
time. Brief episodes of sleep. During this, a persons eyes may be open but
their brain is asleep. May not be aware that it is happening
- Does sleepiness impair driving ability? - -Reasearchers have found that if
you have gone 24 hrs w/o sleep, just as legally impaired as someone too
drunk to drive
- Can we adapt and function normally with less sleep than we need? - -don't
adapt to less, functioning impaired- functioning doesn't adapt when we get
less sleep over time
- What are the theories we covered regarding the functions of sleep? - -1.
restorative - restock, repair, reorganize. Sleep gives our body and brain
chance to regroup, restore etc. protein synthesis increases when we sleep,
increase rate of removal of waste products from the brain, sleep tends to
improve athletic performance, reaction times, and endurance suggesting
Questions with Solutions
What is consciousness? - -degree of awareness to know what is going on
around you
- Can we be influenced by stimuli of which we are unaware? - -yes and it is
very common
- What is priming? - -when prior exposure to a stimulus has unconscious
influences on our behavior subconsciously (ie: spelling the word "feet" after
previously being exposed to hearing word feet)
- What are subliminal stimuli? - -stimuli so brief, faint, or weak that we are
not consciously aware of them. But can still influence behavior
- How effective is subliminal persuasion? - -not very effective don't have to
worry about other people controlling our behavior through persuasion
- What is attention? - -A concentration or focusing of mental activity:
involves trying to perceive
- What is selective attention? - -try to pay attention to just one thing while
ignoring everything else. Oblivious to everything else around us
- What is the cocktail party effect? - -refers to ability to pay attention to just
one conversation when there are many conversations going on around you.
If someone in a nearby conversation mentions your name; it immediately
grabs your attention. Suggests that you are unconsciously monitoring these
other conversations
- What is divided attention? - -try to focus on two or more things at once
- How does dividing attention affect accuracy? - -attention is a limited
resource. You can run out. The more you try to focus on at once, the more
mistakes you will make
- What is change blindness? - -failure to detect large changes in a visual
scene. Changes you think you would notice
- What is a circadian rhythm? - -rhythm that repeats every 24 hours. Cycle
of behavior or physiology that repeats approximately every 24 hours and
most animals show some sort of circadian rhythm. Controlled in part by part
of hypothalamus
,- What structure controls circadian rhythms? - -hypothalamus
- What are some factors influencing whether a person tends to be more alert
in the morning or evening? - -age and genetics
- What are circadian low-points (when are people at their sleepiest)? - -
when you are sleepiest. People tend to be at sleepiest at 1-4 pm and am.
Also correspond to drop in performance and increase in accidents during
these times. Believed that our natural circadian rhythm promotes longer
period of sleep during night and shorter during day (nap)
- What does an electroencephalogram measure? - -indicate that there are 4
main stages of sleep. Device that Measures electrical activity of the brain
through electrodes pasted on the scalp. Measures: 1. Synchronous activity of
thousands of neurons firing together. 2. Exhibits wavelike patterns of
activity. "brain waves"- often called EEG, waves of activity of brain
- What are the stages of sleep? - -NREM 1, NREM 2, NREM 3, REM
- NREM 1 - -when you first fall asleep. Lightest stage of sleep. Easy to
awaken. Common to hallucinate or to jerk themselves awake (hipnic jerk)
- NREM 2 - -little deeper than 1. Where you spend most of your time
sleeping
- NREM 3 - -deepest stage of sleep. Refers to what used to be known as
stage 3 and 4 and now just one stage. Heart rate, blood pressure, body
temp, breathing rate, are all about as low as they get. Physiological slowing
down. Most likely to sleep walk, talk, or wet bed at this stage
- REM - -"paradoxical sleep" Rapid eye movement. Most dreaming takes
place during REM. Also known as paradoxical sleep (because internally, the
body and brain are very active while externally seems calm. Brain activity
comsumes more oxygen during REM then when you are awake. Similar blood
pressure and temp while you are wake. Muscles are paralyzed while you are
in REM except for minor twitches to prevent you from getting up and acting
out your dreams
- In what order does one progress through the sleep stages during a
complete sleep cycle? - -NREM 1, NREM 2, NREM 3, NREM 2, REM
- What is slow-wave sleep? - -called NREM 3 because slow wave
- How do EEG recordings (brain waves) change during the stages of sleep in
terms of amplitude and frequency? - -LOOK UP
, - What happens during REM sleep? - -Brain activity comsumes more oxygen
during REM then when you are awake. Similar blood pressure and temp while
you are wake. Muscles are paralyzed while you are in REM except for minor
twitches to prevent you from getting up and acting out your dreams
- Why is REM sleep paradoxical? - -while the brain and other body systems
become more active, your muscles become more relaxed, or paralyzed.
Dreaming occurs because of increased brain activity, but voluntary muscles
become paralyzed
- Does the evidence suggest that other animals dream during REM? - -
nearly all mammals exhibit REM sleep. Believed that other animals like us
dream during REM. Evidence comes from studies in cats in which researchers
disable portion of brain responsible for muscle paralysis that occurs during
REM and monitored cats and found that during REM, cats got up and moved
around and were acting out cat dreams
- How does the amount of time spent in the stages generally change as a
night's sleep progresses? - -Changes in amount of time spent in stages over
the night-spend less and less time in NREM 3 (first half of night's sleep) and
more and more time in NREM 2(at end of sleep). REM spend more time later
in night
- Does everyone need the same amount of sleep? - -most people need
about 8hrs to be at their best but varies. Genetically influenced. Older you
get have more interruption in sleep. Less time in stage 3 spent
- What happens when someone goes without sleep? - -Sleep deprivation
- What are microsleeps? - -periods of sleep that laugh for few seconds at a
time. Brief episodes of sleep. During this, a persons eyes may be open but
their brain is asleep. May not be aware that it is happening
- Does sleepiness impair driving ability? - -Reasearchers have found that if
you have gone 24 hrs w/o sleep, just as legally impaired as someone too
drunk to drive
- Can we adapt and function normally with less sleep than we need? - -don't
adapt to less, functioning impaired- functioning doesn't adapt when we get
less sleep over time
- What are the theories we covered regarding the functions of sleep? - -1.
restorative - restock, repair, reorganize. Sleep gives our body and brain
chance to regroup, restore etc. protein synthesis increases when we sleep,
increase rate of removal of waste products from the brain, sleep tends to
improve athletic performance, reaction times, and endurance suggesting
