Tulane, Rollins Psych test 4 Exam |168
Questions and Answers
What are the two main types of treatment for psychological disorders? - -
Psychotheraphy and Biomedical
- What are the main types of Psychotherapy? -
-Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Therapy, Humanistic Therapy, Behavior
Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, Cognitive-behavior therapy, and the Eclectic
approach.
- What is the eclectic approach to therapy? - -A variety of methods,
principles and philosophies are used to create a treatment program for each
individual patient.
- What was the first psychotherapy and who developed it? - -
Psychoanalysis, which used talking techniques and dream analysis to make a
person aware of repressed, unconscious conflicts and impulses. It was
pioneered by Freud.
- What is the aim of psychoanalysis? - -To make the individual aware
enough of these themes to get them on track to solving their issues.
- What is the main focus of psychodynamic therapy? - -The modern version
of psychotherapy is Psychodynamic Therapy, which focuses more on self-
understanding, recurring themes, and social relationships.
- What are the goals of humanistic psychotherapy? - -Humanistic therapy
aims to remove the barriers that prevent a person from reaching their full
potential, and enhance the patient's self-awareness and self-acceptance.
- What are the characteristics and methods of Rogers's client-centered
therapy? - -A therapist sits and listens to a patient and acts more like a close
acquaintance and companion instead of one who interprets and judges. The
therapist must show the patient *Acceptance* (unconditional positive regard
for the patient), *Genuineness* (the patient is right and good no matter
what), and *Empathy* (often uses *Reflection*, or simply paraphrasing and
repeating what the patient is saying, albeit in a thoughtful and caring tone).
- What is the general focus and goal of behavior therapy? What are the two
types? - -Behavior Theory is where psychological disorders are seen as an
*abnormal pattern of learned behaviors*. The two types are exposure with
*response prevention (flooding)* and *systematic desensitization*.
, - What is exposure with response prevention (flooding)? - -A patient who
suffers from a phobia is *exposed to the object of their phobia* (provided it is
harmless) and is *prevented from escaping*. Though they will be terrified at
first, they will eventually calm down and realize that the situation is harmless
- What is systematic desensitization? - -The idea of replacing the feelings of
fear with relaxation. The patient is *exposed to increasingly anxiety-
provoking versions of their phobia while relaxing*. Patients usually create a
Fear Hierarchy (a list of fearful situations that increase with each successive
level). The patients are also taught various Relaxation Techniques. The
patient is put into a relaxed state, and is shown the situation from each level
of the hierarchy (starting with the first) until they no longer feel anxiety from
it.
- What is the main goal of the cognitive therapies? What are some
techniques used in cognitive therapies? - -The goal is to change one's
pattern of thinking from maladaptive thought patterns towards *focus on
more productive things*. Techniques include *Beck's Cognitive Therapy*,
which is correcting the irrational thoughts a person may have by pointing out
how irrational such thoughts are, and *Self-Statement Modification*, or the
alteration of their negative self-statements into more constructive and
positive ones.
- What are the 3 types of biomedical treatments? - -*Electroconvulsive
shock therapy (ECT)*, *Psychosurgery*, and *Psychoactive drugs*.
- What is electroconvulsive shock therapy? For what is it used today? Is it
effective? What is the main side effect? - -The application of strong electric
shocks to a patient in order to produce convulsions. Nowadays, when this
treatment is used, the patient is anesthetized, given muscle relaxants, and
treated with weaker shocks. It is normally only used to treat severe
depression, and is apparently one of the most highly-effective treatments in
all of medicine.
- What is psychosurgery? What is prefrontal and transorbital lobotomy?
What were the general effects of lobotomy? Are lobotomies used to treat
psychological disorders today? - -Psychosurgery is the removal or
destruction of brain tissue in order to treat psychological disorders. The Pre-
Frontal Lobotomy was drilling a hole in the skull and inserting an instrument
to sever the connection between the frontal lobes and the limbic system.
Common results were lethargy, immaturity, impulsivity, and the loss of
personality and creativity. However, it made people easier to handle. Today,
these procedures are rarely if ever used and they are way more elegant if
they are used. It is much more mathematical and only used if all else has
failed.
, - What is deep-brain stimulation? P. 686-687 - -Pinpointing neural hub
between frontal lobes and limbic system. Overactive in depressed people.
Experimental. Mayberg.
- What is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation? P. 686 - -is a form of
brain stimulation therapy used to treat depression and anxiety. It has been in
use since 1985. The therapy involves using a magnet to target and stimulate
certain areas of the brain.
- What are neuroleptics/antipsychotics (Haldol, Thorazine, Risperdal) used to
treat? How do they affect dopamine? - -Neuroleptics/Antipsychotics are
drugs used to treat psychosis and the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
They act as dopamine antagonists. The main drugs used usually resulted in
nothing more than drowsiness.; However, they came with an incurable side
effect called Tardive Dyskinesia, a repetitive motor disorder.
- What is tardive dyskinesia? - -An incurable side effect of
neuroleptics/antipsychotics called Tardive Dyskinesia, a repetitive motor
disorder.
- What are the general classes of antidepressants and which are most
commonly prescribed today? - -The classes include MAO-I's, Trycilic drugs,
and Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's). The most commonly
prescribed today are Zoloft, Prozac and Paxil.
- What are SSRI's (such as Prozac, Zoloft) and how do they work? What
disorders are antidepressants used to treat? - -What these do, essentially, is
bring a person back from severe depression, and keep them from going back
to being deeply depressed.
- How long does it generally take for antidepressants to become effective?
Are people on antidepressants happy all of the time? - -Antidepressants
normally take roughly four weeks to take full effect. They are not "happy
pills" they do not make you happy all the time nor prevent sadness.
- What are mood stabilizers and what do they treat? What is typically the
most effective type? - -Mood Stabilizers are used to treat Bipolar disorders.
The most effective mood stabilizer is Lithium, since it controls both the
manic and depressive states. If this does not, they are normally prescribed
antidepressants and anticonvulsants
- What are anxiolytics used to treat? What are benzodiazepines (Valium,
Xanax)? How do they work (neurotransmitter)? - -Anxiolytics are used to
treat anxiety. One type is benzodiazepines, like Valium and Xanax, which
usually cause drowsiness and relaxation, and can be somewhat addictive.
Benzodiazepines work neurologically as act as GABA agonists.
Questions and Answers
What are the two main types of treatment for psychological disorders? - -
Psychotheraphy and Biomedical
- What are the main types of Psychotherapy? -
-Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Therapy, Humanistic Therapy, Behavior
Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, Cognitive-behavior therapy, and the Eclectic
approach.
- What is the eclectic approach to therapy? - -A variety of methods,
principles and philosophies are used to create a treatment program for each
individual patient.
- What was the first psychotherapy and who developed it? - -
Psychoanalysis, which used talking techniques and dream analysis to make a
person aware of repressed, unconscious conflicts and impulses. It was
pioneered by Freud.
- What is the aim of psychoanalysis? - -To make the individual aware
enough of these themes to get them on track to solving their issues.
- What is the main focus of psychodynamic therapy? - -The modern version
of psychotherapy is Psychodynamic Therapy, which focuses more on self-
understanding, recurring themes, and social relationships.
- What are the goals of humanistic psychotherapy? - -Humanistic therapy
aims to remove the barriers that prevent a person from reaching their full
potential, and enhance the patient's self-awareness and self-acceptance.
- What are the characteristics and methods of Rogers's client-centered
therapy? - -A therapist sits and listens to a patient and acts more like a close
acquaintance and companion instead of one who interprets and judges. The
therapist must show the patient *Acceptance* (unconditional positive regard
for the patient), *Genuineness* (the patient is right and good no matter
what), and *Empathy* (often uses *Reflection*, or simply paraphrasing and
repeating what the patient is saying, albeit in a thoughtful and caring tone).
- What is the general focus and goal of behavior therapy? What are the two
types? - -Behavior Theory is where psychological disorders are seen as an
*abnormal pattern of learned behaviors*. The two types are exposure with
*response prevention (flooding)* and *systematic desensitization*.
, - What is exposure with response prevention (flooding)? - -A patient who
suffers from a phobia is *exposed to the object of their phobia* (provided it is
harmless) and is *prevented from escaping*. Though they will be terrified at
first, they will eventually calm down and realize that the situation is harmless
- What is systematic desensitization? - -The idea of replacing the feelings of
fear with relaxation. The patient is *exposed to increasingly anxiety-
provoking versions of their phobia while relaxing*. Patients usually create a
Fear Hierarchy (a list of fearful situations that increase with each successive
level). The patients are also taught various Relaxation Techniques. The
patient is put into a relaxed state, and is shown the situation from each level
of the hierarchy (starting with the first) until they no longer feel anxiety from
it.
- What is the main goal of the cognitive therapies? What are some
techniques used in cognitive therapies? - -The goal is to change one's
pattern of thinking from maladaptive thought patterns towards *focus on
more productive things*. Techniques include *Beck's Cognitive Therapy*,
which is correcting the irrational thoughts a person may have by pointing out
how irrational such thoughts are, and *Self-Statement Modification*, or the
alteration of their negative self-statements into more constructive and
positive ones.
- What are the 3 types of biomedical treatments? - -*Electroconvulsive
shock therapy (ECT)*, *Psychosurgery*, and *Psychoactive drugs*.
- What is electroconvulsive shock therapy? For what is it used today? Is it
effective? What is the main side effect? - -The application of strong electric
shocks to a patient in order to produce convulsions. Nowadays, when this
treatment is used, the patient is anesthetized, given muscle relaxants, and
treated with weaker shocks. It is normally only used to treat severe
depression, and is apparently one of the most highly-effective treatments in
all of medicine.
- What is psychosurgery? What is prefrontal and transorbital lobotomy?
What were the general effects of lobotomy? Are lobotomies used to treat
psychological disorders today? - -Psychosurgery is the removal or
destruction of brain tissue in order to treat psychological disorders. The Pre-
Frontal Lobotomy was drilling a hole in the skull and inserting an instrument
to sever the connection between the frontal lobes and the limbic system.
Common results were lethargy, immaturity, impulsivity, and the loss of
personality and creativity. However, it made people easier to handle. Today,
these procedures are rarely if ever used and they are way more elegant if
they are used. It is much more mathematical and only used if all else has
failed.
, - What is deep-brain stimulation? P. 686-687 - -Pinpointing neural hub
between frontal lobes and limbic system. Overactive in depressed people.
Experimental. Mayberg.
- What is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation? P. 686 - -is a form of
brain stimulation therapy used to treat depression and anxiety. It has been in
use since 1985. The therapy involves using a magnet to target and stimulate
certain areas of the brain.
- What are neuroleptics/antipsychotics (Haldol, Thorazine, Risperdal) used to
treat? How do they affect dopamine? - -Neuroleptics/Antipsychotics are
drugs used to treat psychosis and the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
They act as dopamine antagonists. The main drugs used usually resulted in
nothing more than drowsiness.; However, they came with an incurable side
effect called Tardive Dyskinesia, a repetitive motor disorder.
- What is tardive dyskinesia? - -An incurable side effect of
neuroleptics/antipsychotics called Tardive Dyskinesia, a repetitive motor
disorder.
- What are the general classes of antidepressants and which are most
commonly prescribed today? - -The classes include MAO-I's, Trycilic drugs,
and Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's). The most commonly
prescribed today are Zoloft, Prozac and Paxil.
- What are SSRI's (such as Prozac, Zoloft) and how do they work? What
disorders are antidepressants used to treat? - -What these do, essentially, is
bring a person back from severe depression, and keep them from going back
to being deeply depressed.
- How long does it generally take for antidepressants to become effective?
Are people on antidepressants happy all of the time? - -Antidepressants
normally take roughly four weeks to take full effect. They are not "happy
pills" they do not make you happy all the time nor prevent sadness.
- What are mood stabilizers and what do they treat? What is typically the
most effective type? - -Mood Stabilizers are used to treat Bipolar disorders.
The most effective mood stabilizer is Lithium, since it controls both the
manic and depressive states. If this does not, they are normally prescribed
antidepressants and anticonvulsants
- What are anxiolytics used to treat? What are benzodiazepines (Valium,
Xanax)? How do they work (neurotransmitter)? - -Anxiolytics are used to
treat anxiety. One type is benzodiazepines, like Valium and Xanax, which
usually cause drowsiness and relaxation, and can be somewhat addictive.
Benzodiazepines work neurologically as act as GABA agonists.
