MEGACITY HIERARCHY range – this is the maximum distance people are prepared to
travel to buy a good or pay for a service.
threshold – is the minimum number of people required to
SM
Population of over 10 million. sustain a business providing a particular service or good.
Tokyo, Japan – 37.1 million. The arrangement of a settlement sphere of influence – it is the area that comes under the
influence of a given settlement. It is determined by the range incor
and threshold
in terms of its importance or comm
Lagos has over 21 million people and is one of the fastest-
Delhi, India – 32.9 million. growing cities globally.
Faces challenges in housing, transport, infrastructure, and
high-order goods/services – goods that people are prepared
to travel long distances to buy. eg. washing machine,
Shanghai, China – 29.2 million.
pollution.
computer
significance. (ICT)
Home to large informal settlements like Makoko, built on
stilts over water. low-order goods/services – goods that are bought frequently
Huge disparities between wealthy areas (Victoria Island) and and easily available because they are sold almost
slums.
everywhere. eg. bread, water, etc
Reasons for such a rapid increase in the number of Efforts like the Lagos Rail Mass Transit and Eko Atlantic city
WORLD CITIES: NYC, LONDON, TOKYO
perfo
aim to modernize infrastructure and attract investment
megacities include:
SITE URBAN
Economic growth, as a result of industrialization, led to
an increase in demand for labour in mines and
ECO
manufacturing sectors.
SETTLEMENT
Natural increase due to the youthful nature of the
urban population resulting in high birth rates Absolute location of a place.
Rural-urban migration, especially in LEDCs citie
LAND USE/FUNCTION A place where people live with env
Challenges Facing Cities
Urban Sprawl: expansion into rural land, increasing car
dependency.
Traffic Congestion: pollution, lost productivity.
5000 residents, provides high-
Air/Noise Pollution: health impacts, decreased quality of life.
Main activities taking place:
order functions in the hierarchy
Waste Management: growing waste volumes, lack of
CENTRAL BUSINESS
recycling.
Housing Shortages and Informal Settlements: slums and lack
residential function – Housing
of basic services. industrial function – Industries of settlements.
DISTRICT (CBD) recreational function – sporting facilities eg
stadium
transportation function – road and rail RESI
The centre of all economic network
BID-RENT THEORY
Rotterdam is preparing for sea-level rise with
innovative infrastructure like the "Water Squares"
activities in an urban area. Change depending on the level of economic development and
(plazas that collect stormwater) and floating
buildings.
The city uses green roofs, floodable parks, and
theory shows how the price and demand for land Most cities in the world have their CBDs located either in
availability of the factors that once determined the functions. underground water storage to manage rainfall.
Strong focus on social resilience too, with
community-led planning and urban equity policies.
changes as the distance from the Central Business the city's center or close to a major seaport. Aims to be climate-proof by 2050.
District (CBD) increases.
Such as in New York and Accra where the CBD is close to
the sea. London and Tokyo have their CBD in the centre
This is based on the idea that because businesses wish to
of the city.
maximize their profitability, they are willing to pay more More than 56% of the world’s population now
money for land close to the CBD and less for land further
away.
Could decline:
Poor planning by city authorities. Sanitation for lives in urban areas (UN, 2023). In 2021, 56.61% of the world's population
example can lead to CBD decline when poorly
Expected to rise to 68% by 2050, adding 2.5 <..> live in urban areas, a proportion
planned by creating massive pollution.
Poor and ageing nature of infrastructure billion more urban dwellers—mostly in Africa expected to increase to 68% by 2050
urban
Congestion, both vehicular and human and their
associated problems and Asia.
Industries are attracted to large cities because: Megacities (10+ million): 33 worldwide;
Cities have large markets which attract large numbers
projected to be 43 by 2030.
environments
of customers
Cities have highly skilled labour that are innovative
and creative and can provide information for research
and development of the products produced.
There are science and research parks located all over
the CBD
Economies of scale- industries are already located
there so they enjoy economies of scale.
URBANIZATION
The model therefore explains why population density is high near the
city centre (with low-income earners living in low-class residential URBAN MICROCLIMATE An increase in the proportion
CONTESTED LAND
areas_ and why wealthy people live near the city boundary and
Set of Atmospheric conditions that living in towns and cities.
commute to the city.
Case Study: Mumbai, India
Population: Over 22 million (2023)
Annual population growth rate: ~2.3%
Push factors (rural Maharashtra): Lack of jobs, poor education,
drought-prone
Pull factors: Jobs in informal sector, port city, Bollywood
Consequences: 40%+ of population lives in slums (e.g.,
differ from the climate of the
Dharavi)
Migration to urban areas i.e. rural-urban migr
High birth rates due to the youthful pop
Land that have the potential to attract a surrounding area. resulting in a positive natural increase (wh
wide array of interests from different Sunshine and Radiation – as a result of the concrete surfaces and tarred roads in birth rate exceeds the death rate).
most cities, the sun’s energy is reflected back to space a long-wave radiation. This
stakeholders in business, housing, politics increase the temperature of the surrounding area.
Precipitation – high rainfall in a given area can generally reduce the temperature CENTRIFUGAL (OUTWARD) CENTRIPETAL (IN
or otherwise. Jerusalem – religious conflict of the surrounding, particular during hot summers evenings
Dharavi, Mumbai – developers vs. slum residents Temperatures – heating, due to fuel combustion from factories, lorries, can Suburbanisation Rural-urban migration (PUL
travel to buy a good or pay for a service.
threshold – is the minimum number of people required to
SM
Population of over 10 million. sustain a business providing a particular service or good.
Tokyo, Japan – 37.1 million. The arrangement of a settlement sphere of influence – it is the area that comes under the
influence of a given settlement. It is determined by the range incor
and threshold
in terms of its importance or comm
Lagos has over 21 million people and is one of the fastest-
Delhi, India – 32.9 million. growing cities globally.
Faces challenges in housing, transport, infrastructure, and
high-order goods/services – goods that people are prepared
to travel long distances to buy. eg. washing machine,
Shanghai, China – 29.2 million.
pollution.
computer
significance. (ICT)
Home to large informal settlements like Makoko, built on
stilts over water. low-order goods/services – goods that are bought frequently
Huge disparities between wealthy areas (Victoria Island) and and easily available because they are sold almost
slums.
everywhere. eg. bread, water, etc
Reasons for such a rapid increase in the number of Efforts like the Lagos Rail Mass Transit and Eko Atlantic city
WORLD CITIES: NYC, LONDON, TOKYO
perfo
aim to modernize infrastructure and attract investment
megacities include:
SITE URBAN
Economic growth, as a result of industrialization, led to
an increase in demand for labour in mines and
ECO
manufacturing sectors.
SETTLEMENT
Natural increase due to the youthful nature of the
urban population resulting in high birth rates Absolute location of a place.
Rural-urban migration, especially in LEDCs citie
LAND USE/FUNCTION A place where people live with env
Challenges Facing Cities
Urban Sprawl: expansion into rural land, increasing car
dependency.
Traffic Congestion: pollution, lost productivity.
5000 residents, provides high-
Air/Noise Pollution: health impacts, decreased quality of life.
Main activities taking place:
order functions in the hierarchy
Waste Management: growing waste volumes, lack of
CENTRAL BUSINESS
recycling.
Housing Shortages and Informal Settlements: slums and lack
residential function – Housing
of basic services. industrial function – Industries of settlements.
DISTRICT (CBD) recreational function – sporting facilities eg
stadium
transportation function – road and rail RESI
The centre of all economic network
BID-RENT THEORY
Rotterdam is preparing for sea-level rise with
innovative infrastructure like the "Water Squares"
activities in an urban area. Change depending on the level of economic development and
(plazas that collect stormwater) and floating
buildings.
The city uses green roofs, floodable parks, and
theory shows how the price and demand for land Most cities in the world have their CBDs located either in
availability of the factors that once determined the functions. underground water storage to manage rainfall.
Strong focus on social resilience too, with
community-led planning and urban equity policies.
changes as the distance from the Central Business the city's center or close to a major seaport. Aims to be climate-proof by 2050.
District (CBD) increases.
Such as in New York and Accra where the CBD is close to
the sea. London and Tokyo have their CBD in the centre
This is based on the idea that because businesses wish to
of the city.
maximize their profitability, they are willing to pay more More than 56% of the world’s population now
money for land close to the CBD and less for land further
away.
Could decline:
Poor planning by city authorities. Sanitation for lives in urban areas (UN, 2023). In 2021, 56.61% of the world's population
example can lead to CBD decline when poorly
Expected to rise to 68% by 2050, adding 2.5 <..> live in urban areas, a proportion
planned by creating massive pollution.
Poor and ageing nature of infrastructure billion more urban dwellers—mostly in Africa expected to increase to 68% by 2050
urban
Congestion, both vehicular and human and their
associated problems and Asia.
Industries are attracted to large cities because: Megacities (10+ million): 33 worldwide;
Cities have large markets which attract large numbers
projected to be 43 by 2030.
environments
of customers
Cities have highly skilled labour that are innovative
and creative and can provide information for research
and development of the products produced.
There are science and research parks located all over
the CBD
Economies of scale- industries are already located
there so they enjoy economies of scale.
URBANIZATION
The model therefore explains why population density is high near the
city centre (with low-income earners living in low-class residential URBAN MICROCLIMATE An increase in the proportion
CONTESTED LAND
areas_ and why wealthy people live near the city boundary and
Set of Atmospheric conditions that living in towns and cities.
commute to the city.
Case Study: Mumbai, India
Population: Over 22 million (2023)
Annual population growth rate: ~2.3%
Push factors (rural Maharashtra): Lack of jobs, poor education,
drought-prone
Pull factors: Jobs in informal sector, port city, Bollywood
Consequences: 40%+ of population lives in slums (e.g.,
differ from the climate of the
Dharavi)
Migration to urban areas i.e. rural-urban migr
High birth rates due to the youthful pop
Land that have the potential to attract a surrounding area. resulting in a positive natural increase (wh
wide array of interests from different Sunshine and Radiation – as a result of the concrete surfaces and tarred roads in birth rate exceeds the death rate).
most cities, the sun’s energy is reflected back to space a long-wave radiation. This
stakeholders in business, housing, politics increase the temperature of the surrounding area.
Precipitation – high rainfall in a given area can generally reduce the temperature CENTRIFUGAL (OUTWARD) CENTRIPETAL (IN
or otherwise. Jerusalem – religious conflict of the surrounding, particular during hot summers evenings
Dharavi, Mumbai – developers vs. slum residents Temperatures – heating, due to fuel combustion from factories, lorries, can Suburbanisation Rural-urban migration (PUL
