AC-HPAT Biology Comprehensive Exam
Rated A+ (Verified)
Absorption - ANSWER-Absorption is a complex process, in which nutrients from
digested food are harvested. Absorption can occur through five mechanisms: (1) active
transport, (2) passive diffusion, (3) facilitated diffusion, (4) co-transport (or secondary
active transport), and (5) endocytosis.
active transport - ANSWER-active transport is the movement of molecules across a
membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—
against the concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve
this movement.
Alveolus - ANSWER-An alveolus is an anatomical structure that has the form of a
hollow cavity and is found in the lung parenchyma (tissue inside the lung). The
pulmonary alveoli are the terminal ends of the respiratory tree that outcrop from either
alveolar sacs or alveolar ducts; both are sites of gas exchange.
Anatomy and morphology of eukaryotes: - ANSWER-eukaryotic cell has a plasma
membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. However, unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic
cells have: numerous membrane-bound organelles (including the endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts, and mitochondria) several rod-shaped
chromosomes.
Anatomy and morphology of viruses - ANSWER-A virus consists of a nucleic acid core,
an outer protein coating or capsid, and sometimes an outer envelope made of protein
and phospholipid membranes derived from the host cell. The capsid is made up of
protein subunits called capsomeres.
Anatomy and morphology or prokaryotes - ANSWER-Prokaryotes are unicellular
organisms that lack organelles or other internal membrane-bound structures. Therefore,
they do not have a nucleus, but, instead, generally have a single chromosome: a piece
of circular, double-stranded DNA located in an area of the cell called the nucleoid.
Artery - ANSWER-Artery, in human physiology, any of the vessels that, with one
exception, carry oxygenated blood and nourishment from the heart to the tissues of the
body. The exception, the pulmonary artery, carries oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs
for oxygenation and removal of excess carbon dioxide (see pulmonary circulation)
artificial insemination - ANSWER-Artificial insemination (AI) is the deliberate introduction
of sperm into a female's cervix or uterine cavity for the purpose of achieving a
pregnancy through in vivo fertilization by means other than sexual intercourse.
, Asthma - ANSWER-Asthma is a condition in which your airways narrow and swell and
produce extra mucus. This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, wheezing
and shortness of breath.
Binary Fission - ANSWER-Binary fission ("division in half") is a kind of asexual
reproduction. It is the most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes such as
bacteria. It occurs in some single-celled Eukaryotes like the Amoeba and the
Paramoecium. In binary fission DNA replication and segregation occur simultaneously.
(bacteria)
Breathing - ANSWER-During inhalation, the lungs expand with air and oxygen diffuses
across the lung's surface, entering the bloodstream. During exhalation, the lungs expel
air and lung volume decreases.
Bronchi - ANSWER-It divides into two principal bronchi, tubes which conduct air into the
lungs, and they divide into two lobar bronchi for the left lung, and into four lobar bronchi
for the right lung. These further divide into smaller bronchi and bronchioles within the
lung tissue.
Bronchioles - ANSWER-Bronchioles are air passages inside the lungs that branch off
like tree limbs from the bronchi—the two main air passages into which air flows from the
trachea (windpipe) after being inhaled through the nose or mouth. The bronchioles
deliver air to tiny sacs called alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
Calvin Cycle - ANSWER-· The Calvin Cycle reactions occur in the stroma of the
chloroplasts. Although these reactions can take place without light, the process requires
ATP and NADPH which were created using light in the first stage. Carbon dioxide and
energy from ATP along with NADPH are used to form glucose.
Cancer - ANSWER-cancer is a term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without
control and can invade nearby tissues. Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of
the body through the blood and lymph systems. There are several main types of cancer.
Capillary - ANSWER-Capillary, in human physiology, any of the minute blood vessels
that form networks throughout the bodily tissues; it is through the capillaries that
oxygen, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged between the blood and the tissues.
Carbohydrates function - ANSWER-Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecule
on Earth. Living organisms use carbohydrates as accessible energy to fuel cellular
reactions and for structural support inside cell walls. Cells attach carbohydrate
molecules to proteins and lipids, modifying structures to enhance functionality.
Carcinogen - ANSWER-A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that
promotes carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer. This may be due to the ability to
damage the genome or to the disruption of cellular metabolic processes
Rated A+ (Verified)
Absorption - ANSWER-Absorption is a complex process, in which nutrients from
digested food are harvested. Absorption can occur through five mechanisms: (1) active
transport, (2) passive diffusion, (3) facilitated diffusion, (4) co-transport (or secondary
active transport), and (5) endocytosis.
active transport - ANSWER-active transport is the movement of molecules across a
membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—
against the concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve
this movement.
Alveolus - ANSWER-An alveolus is an anatomical structure that has the form of a
hollow cavity and is found in the lung parenchyma (tissue inside the lung). The
pulmonary alveoli are the terminal ends of the respiratory tree that outcrop from either
alveolar sacs or alveolar ducts; both are sites of gas exchange.
Anatomy and morphology of eukaryotes: - ANSWER-eukaryotic cell has a plasma
membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. However, unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic
cells have: numerous membrane-bound organelles (including the endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts, and mitochondria) several rod-shaped
chromosomes.
Anatomy and morphology of viruses - ANSWER-A virus consists of a nucleic acid core,
an outer protein coating or capsid, and sometimes an outer envelope made of protein
and phospholipid membranes derived from the host cell. The capsid is made up of
protein subunits called capsomeres.
Anatomy and morphology or prokaryotes - ANSWER-Prokaryotes are unicellular
organisms that lack organelles or other internal membrane-bound structures. Therefore,
they do not have a nucleus, but, instead, generally have a single chromosome: a piece
of circular, double-stranded DNA located in an area of the cell called the nucleoid.
Artery - ANSWER-Artery, in human physiology, any of the vessels that, with one
exception, carry oxygenated blood and nourishment from the heart to the tissues of the
body. The exception, the pulmonary artery, carries oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs
for oxygenation and removal of excess carbon dioxide (see pulmonary circulation)
artificial insemination - ANSWER-Artificial insemination (AI) is the deliberate introduction
of sperm into a female's cervix or uterine cavity for the purpose of achieving a
pregnancy through in vivo fertilization by means other than sexual intercourse.
, Asthma - ANSWER-Asthma is a condition in which your airways narrow and swell and
produce extra mucus. This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, wheezing
and shortness of breath.
Binary Fission - ANSWER-Binary fission ("division in half") is a kind of asexual
reproduction. It is the most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes such as
bacteria. It occurs in some single-celled Eukaryotes like the Amoeba and the
Paramoecium. In binary fission DNA replication and segregation occur simultaneously.
(bacteria)
Breathing - ANSWER-During inhalation, the lungs expand with air and oxygen diffuses
across the lung's surface, entering the bloodstream. During exhalation, the lungs expel
air and lung volume decreases.
Bronchi - ANSWER-It divides into two principal bronchi, tubes which conduct air into the
lungs, and they divide into two lobar bronchi for the left lung, and into four lobar bronchi
for the right lung. These further divide into smaller bronchi and bronchioles within the
lung tissue.
Bronchioles - ANSWER-Bronchioles are air passages inside the lungs that branch off
like tree limbs from the bronchi—the two main air passages into which air flows from the
trachea (windpipe) after being inhaled through the nose or mouth. The bronchioles
deliver air to tiny sacs called alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
Calvin Cycle - ANSWER-· The Calvin Cycle reactions occur in the stroma of the
chloroplasts. Although these reactions can take place without light, the process requires
ATP and NADPH which were created using light in the first stage. Carbon dioxide and
energy from ATP along with NADPH are used to form glucose.
Cancer - ANSWER-cancer is a term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without
control and can invade nearby tissues. Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of
the body through the blood and lymph systems. There are several main types of cancer.
Capillary - ANSWER-Capillary, in human physiology, any of the minute blood vessels
that form networks throughout the bodily tissues; it is through the capillaries that
oxygen, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged between the blood and the tissues.
Carbohydrates function - ANSWER-Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecule
on Earth. Living organisms use carbohydrates as accessible energy to fuel cellular
reactions and for structural support inside cell walls. Cells attach carbohydrate
molecules to proteins and lipids, modifying structures to enhance functionality.
Carcinogen - ANSWER-A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that
promotes carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer. This may be due to the ability to
damage the genome or to the disruption of cellular metabolic processes
