Objective Assessment:Learners and
Learning Science study guide
Acquisition - ANS learning new information by actively paying attention and engaging with the
material
consolidation - ANS organizing and reinforcing new information by connecting it to what you
already know and practicing it to better remember it
short-term memory (STM) - ANS a mental space that temporarily holds a small amount of
information for a short time, usually a few seconds to a minute
long-term memory (LTM) - ANS the storage of information for a long time, including knowledge,
skills, and experiences
sensorimotor stage - ANS infants (0-2 years old) explore through senses and actions,
developing an understanding of object permanence and laying cognitive foundations
object permanence - ANS the understanding that something still exists even though it cannot
be seen or heard
trust v. mistrust stage - ANS infants learn to rely on caregivers for their basic needs, fostering
trust while inconsistency in meeting these needs can lead to mistrust, suspicion, and anxiety
about their environment
autonomy v. shame/doubt stage - ANS the shame and doubt stage involves a child's journey
toward independence and decision-making
sensory exploration - ANS involves activities that engage the senses—touch, sight, hearing,
smell, and taste—helping children explore and understand the world around them
fine motor skills - ANS fine motor skills involve tiny muscles working with the brain and nervous
system to control movements in areas like the hands, fingers, lips, tongue, and eyes
initiative v. guilt stage - ANS children between ages 3 and 6 display increased assertiveness by
taking the lead in play and engaging in social interactions more actively
, preoperational stage - ANS children between the ages of 2 and 7 years old think symbolically,
using symbols to represent words, objects, images, individuals, and concepts, enabling the
capacity to mimic behavior through imitation
egocentric - ANS demonstrating a cognitive inclination where individuals find it challenging to
acknowledge perspectives beyond their own
scaffolding - ANS when the teacher breaks down complex concepts into small, more
manageable steps helping children along the way
conservation - ANS understanding that certain physical attributes of objects—such as quantity,
mass, volume, and number—remain constant even when their appearance or arrangement
changes
industry v. inferiority stage - ANS children between the ages 5 and 12 develop a growing sense
of competence and accomplishment as they develop a greater understanding of their
capabilities and limitations
concrete operational stage - ANS in children between ages 7 and 11, thinking becomes more
logical, organized, and systematic
reversibility - ANS to mentally undo actions or operations; allows individuals to understand that
certain processes can be reversed to return to their original sta
classification - ANS to categorize objects, events, or concepts based on common attributes or
characteristics, enabling children to organize and make sense of their environment
puberty - ANS typically occurs between ages 12 and 17; changes such as the development of
secondary sexual characteristics, growth spurts, and alterations in body composition
identity v. role confusion stage - ANS adolescents between the ages of 12-17 engage in the
exploration and formation of personal identity, including values, beliefs, and aspirations
formal operational stage - ANS in adolescents between ages 12 and 17, thinking becomes
more abstract, complex, and systematic
learning theories - ANS conceptual frameworks that explain how individuals acquire knowledge,
develop skills, and change behaviors over time
behaviorism - ANS sheds light on how external stimuli shape behavior, emphasizing the focus
on observable behaviors rather than internal mental processes
classical conditioning - ANS illustrates how associations between stimuli can lead to learned
responses
Learning Science study guide
Acquisition - ANS learning new information by actively paying attention and engaging with the
material
consolidation - ANS organizing and reinforcing new information by connecting it to what you
already know and practicing it to better remember it
short-term memory (STM) - ANS a mental space that temporarily holds a small amount of
information for a short time, usually a few seconds to a minute
long-term memory (LTM) - ANS the storage of information for a long time, including knowledge,
skills, and experiences
sensorimotor stage - ANS infants (0-2 years old) explore through senses and actions,
developing an understanding of object permanence and laying cognitive foundations
object permanence - ANS the understanding that something still exists even though it cannot
be seen or heard
trust v. mistrust stage - ANS infants learn to rely on caregivers for their basic needs, fostering
trust while inconsistency in meeting these needs can lead to mistrust, suspicion, and anxiety
about their environment
autonomy v. shame/doubt stage - ANS the shame and doubt stage involves a child's journey
toward independence and decision-making
sensory exploration - ANS involves activities that engage the senses—touch, sight, hearing,
smell, and taste—helping children explore and understand the world around them
fine motor skills - ANS fine motor skills involve tiny muscles working with the brain and nervous
system to control movements in areas like the hands, fingers, lips, tongue, and eyes
initiative v. guilt stage - ANS children between ages 3 and 6 display increased assertiveness by
taking the lead in play and engaging in social interactions more actively
, preoperational stage - ANS children between the ages of 2 and 7 years old think symbolically,
using symbols to represent words, objects, images, individuals, and concepts, enabling the
capacity to mimic behavior through imitation
egocentric - ANS demonstrating a cognitive inclination where individuals find it challenging to
acknowledge perspectives beyond their own
scaffolding - ANS when the teacher breaks down complex concepts into small, more
manageable steps helping children along the way
conservation - ANS understanding that certain physical attributes of objects—such as quantity,
mass, volume, and number—remain constant even when their appearance or arrangement
changes
industry v. inferiority stage - ANS children between the ages 5 and 12 develop a growing sense
of competence and accomplishment as they develop a greater understanding of their
capabilities and limitations
concrete operational stage - ANS in children between ages 7 and 11, thinking becomes more
logical, organized, and systematic
reversibility - ANS to mentally undo actions or operations; allows individuals to understand that
certain processes can be reversed to return to their original sta
classification - ANS to categorize objects, events, or concepts based on common attributes or
characteristics, enabling children to organize and make sense of their environment
puberty - ANS typically occurs between ages 12 and 17; changes such as the development of
secondary sexual characteristics, growth spurts, and alterations in body composition
identity v. role confusion stage - ANS adolescents between the ages of 12-17 engage in the
exploration and formation of personal identity, including values, beliefs, and aspirations
formal operational stage - ANS in adolescents between ages 12 and 17, thinking becomes
more abstract, complex, and systematic
learning theories - ANS conceptual frameworks that explain how individuals acquire knowledge,
develop skills, and change behaviors over time
behaviorism - ANS sheds light on how external stimuli shape behavior, emphasizing the focus
on observable behaviors rather than internal mental processes
classical conditioning - ANS illustrates how associations between stimuli can lead to learned
responses
