Forensic Psychology Chapter 1: Introduction
questions with verified answers
"(1) the research endeavor that examines aspects of human behavior
directly related to the legal process . . . and (2) the professional practice
of psychology within or in consultation with a legal system that
embraces both criminal and civil law and the numerous areas where
they intersect" Ans✓✓✓ Bartol and Bartol (2013) define the discipline
as
"claiming more than he could offer" Ans✓✓✓ Wigmore (1909) put
Munsterberg on "trial," where he was "sued" and found guilty of
additional criteria have been added to the list of issues that judges can
or should consider when ruling on the admissibility of expert testimony.
For example, in White Burgess Langille Inman v. Abbott and Haliburton
Co. (2015), the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that, in addition to the
Mohan criteria, experts must also be independent and impartial.
Ans✓✓✓ Since the Mohan ruling,
Albert von Schrenck-Notzing, a German physician Ans✓✓✓ was
probably one of the first expert witnesses to provide testimony in court
about the effect of pretrial publicity on memory (Bartol & Bartol, 2013).
The date was 1896 and the case involved a series of three sexual
murders
,biosocial theory of crime Ans✓✓✓ Eysenck believed that some
individuals (e.g., extraverts and neurotics) are born with nervous
systems that influence their ability to learn from the consequences of
their behaviour, especially the negative consequences experienced in
childhood as part of the socialization and conscience-building process
individuals who exhibit high levels of extraversion and neuroticism will
develop strong antisocial inclinations
chromosomal theory Ans✓✓✓ Jacobs and her colleagues proposed
that chromosomal irregularity is linked to criminal behaviour. A normal
female has two X chromosomes, whereas a normal male has one X and
one Y chromosome. However, it was discovered that there were men
with two Y chromosomes, which, it was proposed, made them more
masculine and, therefore, more aggressiv
Clinical forensic psychologists Ans✓✓✓ broadly concerned with mental
health issues as they pertain to the legal system
Conducting divorce and child custody mediation
■■ Providing expert testimony on questions of a psychological nature
■■ Carrying out personnel selection (e.g., for law enforcement
agencies) ■■ Running critical incident stress debriefings with police
officers
■■ Facilitating treatment programs for offenders
, constituional theory Ans✓✓✓ crime is largely a product of an
individual's body build, or somatotype, which is assumed to be linked to
an individual's temperament. According to Sheldon, endomorphs
(obese) are jolly, ectomorphs (thin) are introverted, and mesomorphs
(muscular) are bold. Sheldon's studies indicated that, because of their
aggressive nature, mesomorphs were most likely to become involved
with crime
corrections Ans✓✓✓ However, the most significant contributions by
psychologists in Canada have arguably been in the area of _ (e.g.,
constructing better risk-assessment tools and developing effective
treatment approaches)
criteria for Accepting expert Testimony Ans✓✓✓ until quite recently,
the admissibility of expert testimony in the United States was based on
a decision handed down by the courts in Frye v. United States
Criterion Ans✓✓✓ Psychologists are relatively cautious in terms of
their willingness to accept something as true. To accept a hypothesis,
for example, conservative statistical criteria are used (e.g., the use of
p<.05 in significance testing). A more expedient approach is adopted in
the law, whereby guilt is determined using various criteria established
for a particular case
criticism of General Acceptance test Ans✓✓✓ One criticism centres on
the vagueness of the term general acceptance and whether trial judges
are able to make this determination
questions with verified answers
"(1) the research endeavor that examines aspects of human behavior
directly related to the legal process . . . and (2) the professional practice
of psychology within or in consultation with a legal system that
embraces both criminal and civil law and the numerous areas where
they intersect" Ans✓✓✓ Bartol and Bartol (2013) define the discipline
as
"claiming more than he could offer" Ans✓✓✓ Wigmore (1909) put
Munsterberg on "trial," where he was "sued" and found guilty of
additional criteria have been added to the list of issues that judges can
or should consider when ruling on the admissibility of expert testimony.
For example, in White Burgess Langille Inman v. Abbott and Haliburton
Co. (2015), the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that, in addition to the
Mohan criteria, experts must also be independent and impartial.
Ans✓✓✓ Since the Mohan ruling,
Albert von Schrenck-Notzing, a German physician Ans✓✓✓ was
probably one of the first expert witnesses to provide testimony in court
about the effect of pretrial publicity on memory (Bartol & Bartol, 2013).
The date was 1896 and the case involved a series of three sexual
murders
,biosocial theory of crime Ans✓✓✓ Eysenck believed that some
individuals (e.g., extraverts and neurotics) are born with nervous
systems that influence their ability to learn from the consequences of
their behaviour, especially the negative consequences experienced in
childhood as part of the socialization and conscience-building process
individuals who exhibit high levels of extraversion and neuroticism will
develop strong antisocial inclinations
chromosomal theory Ans✓✓✓ Jacobs and her colleagues proposed
that chromosomal irregularity is linked to criminal behaviour. A normal
female has two X chromosomes, whereas a normal male has one X and
one Y chromosome. However, it was discovered that there were men
with two Y chromosomes, which, it was proposed, made them more
masculine and, therefore, more aggressiv
Clinical forensic psychologists Ans✓✓✓ broadly concerned with mental
health issues as they pertain to the legal system
Conducting divorce and child custody mediation
■■ Providing expert testimony on questions of a psychological nature
■■ Carrying out personnel selection (e.g., for law enforcement
agencies) ■■ Running critical incident stress debriefings with police
officers
■■ Facilitating treatment programs for offenders
, constituional theory Ans✓✓✓ crime is largely a product of an
individual's body build, or somatotype, which is assumed to be linked to
an individual's temperament. According to Sheldon, endomorphs
(obese) are jolly, ectomorphs (thin) are introverted, and mesomorphs
(muscular) are bold. Sheldon's studies indicated that, because of their
aggressive nature, mesomorphs were most likely to become involved
with crime
corrections Ans✓✓✓ However, the most significant contributions by
psychologists in Canada have arguably been in the area of _ (e.g.,
constructing better risk-assessment tools and developing effective
treatment approaches)
criteria for Accepting expert Testimony Ans✓✓✓ until quite recently,
the admissibility of expert testimony in the United States was based on
a decision handed down by the courts in Frye v. United States
Criterion Ans✓✓✓ Psychologists are relatively cautious in terms of
their willingness to accept something as true. To accept a hypothesis,
for example, conservative statistical criteria are used (e.g., the use of
p<.05 in significance testing). A more expedient approach is adopted in
the law, whereby guilt is determined using various criteria established
for a particular case
criticism of General Acceptance test Ans✓✓✓ One criticism centres on
the vagueness of the term general acceptance and whether trial judges
are able to make this determination
