DNA and Protein Replication

‭64‬


‭DNA‬‭&‬‭Protein‬‭Synthesis‬
‭●‬ ‭DNA‬‭is‬‭the‬‭genetic‬‭material‬‭which‬‭contains‬‭genes‬‭that‬‭code‬‭for‬‭proteins‬
‭●‬ ‭The‬‭structure‬‭of‬‭DNA‬‭is‬‭a‬‭double‬‭helix‬‭structure‬
‭○‬ ‭Two‬‭chains‬‭of‬‭DNA‬‭running‬‭in‬‭opposite‬‭directions‬
‭○‬ ‭Sugar‬‭and‬‭phosphate‬‭on‬‭the‬‭outside‬
‭○‬ ‭Nitrogen‬‭bases‬‭in‬‭the‬‭middle‬
‭○‬ ‭Nitrogen‬‭bases‬‭are‬‭held‬‭together‬‭by‬‭hydrogen‬‭bonds‬
‭●‬ ‭Monomer‬‭units‬‭are‬‭nucleotides‬
‭○‬ ‭Contains‬‭a‬‭5-carbon‬‭sugar‬‭(ribose‬‭or‬‭deoxyribose)‬
‭○‬ ‭A‬‭phosphate‬
‭○‬ ‭A‬‭nitrogen-containing‬‭base‬




‭●‬ ‭Pyrimidines‬
‭○‬ ‭Single-ring‬‭nitrogen‬‭base‬
‭○‬ ‭Cytosine,‬‭uracil,‬‭and‬‭thymine‬‭(CUT)‬
‭●‬ ‭Purines‬
‭○‬ ‭Double-ring‬‭nitrogen‬‭base‬
‭○‬ ‭Adenine‬‭and‬‭guanine‬‭(AG)‬

, ‭65‬




●‭ ‬ ‭ NA‬‭only‬‭contains‬‭CTAG‬
D
‭●‬ ‭RNA‬‭contains‬‭CUAG‬




‭●‬ ‭Antiparallel‬‭chains‬
‭○‬ ‭DNA‬‭chains‬‭run‬‭in‬‭opposite‬‭directions‬‭to‬‭each‬‭other‬
‭○‬ ‭The‬‭purine‬‭and‬‭pyrimidines‬‭bind‬‭together‬‭because‬‭two‬‭purines‬‭create‬‭a‬‭bulge‬
‭and‬‭two‬‭pyrimidines‬‭concave‬‭in‬
‭●‬ ‭Erwin‬‭Chargaff’s‬‭Rules‬
‭○‬ ‭A‬‭to‬‭T‬
‭○‬ ‭C‬‭to‬‭G‬
‭○‬ ‭The‬‭amount‬‭of‬‭A+G‬‭and‬‭C+T‬‭in‬‭an‬‭organism‬‭varies‬‭depending‬‭on‬‭the‬‭species‬
‭●‬ ‭DNA‬‭is‬‭a‬‭molecule‬‭that‬‭is‬‭consistent‬‭across‬‭all‬‭organisms‬
‭○‬ ‭This‬‭is‬‭why‬‭we‬‭can‬‭get‬‭sick‬‭from‬‭viruses‬‭because‬‭the‬‭DNA‬‭shapes‬‭are‬‭still‬‭the‬
‭same‬‭so‬‭we‬‭can‬‭decode‬‭it‬
‭●‬ ‭Primary‬
‭○‬ ‭Order‬‭of‬‭nucleotides‬
‭●‬ ‭Secondary‬
‭○‬ ‭Large-scale,‬‭patterned,‬‭hydrogen‬‭bonding‬ ‭model‬‭on‬‭a‬‭molecular‬‭backbone‬