Basic Biology Organic Compounds

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‭Organic‬‭Compounds‬
‭●‬ ‭Carbohydrates‬‭(-ose)‬
‭○‬ ‭Hydrates‬‭of‬‭carbon‬
‭○‬ ‭Formula‬‭(only‬‭works‬‭for‬‭simple‬‭sugars):‬‭C‭n‬ ‬‭(H‬‭2‭O‬ )‬‭n‬
‭■‬ ‭1:2:1‬‭ratio‬
‭○‬ ‭Basic‬‭energy‬‭source‬
‭○‬ ‭Short-term‬‭energy‬‭storage‬‭molecules‬
‭○‬ ‭Can‬‭have‬‭structural‬‭functions‬
‭■‬ ‭Wood‬
‭■‬ ‭Insect‬‭exoskeleton‬
‭●‬ ‭THE‬‭monomer‬‭unit‬‭is‬‭glucose‬
‭○‬ ‭Basic‬‭energy‬‭source‬
‭○‬ ‭C‬‭6‭H
‬ ‭1‬ 2‬‭O‬‭6‬



‭Types‬‭of‬‭Carbohydrates‬
●‭ ‬ ‭ ll‬‭of‬‭them‬‭contain‬‭glucose‬
A
‭●‬ ‭Monosaccharides‬‭-‬‭simple‬‭sugars‬‭(monomers)‬
‭○‬ ‭Glucose‬‭-‬‭basic‬‭energy‬‭source‬
‭○‬ ‭F‭r‬ uctose‬‭-‬‭f‬‭ruit‬‭sugar‬
‭○‬ ‭Ga‬‭lactose‬‭-‬‭component‬‭of‬‭milk‬‭sugar‬
‭■‬ ‭Glucose,‬‭fructose,‬‭and‬‭galactose‬‭are‬‭isomers‬‭(C‬‭6‭H ‬ ‭1‬ 2‬‭O‭6
‬ ‭)‬ ‬
‭■‬ ‭Glucose‬‭and‬‭galactose‬‭are‬‭aldehyde‬‭sugars‬
‭■‬ ‭Fructose‬‭is‬‭a‬‭keyton‬‭sugar‬
‭○‬ ‭Ribose‬‭-‬‭RNA‬
‭○‬ ‭Deoxyribose‬‭-‬‭DNA‬
‭●‬ ‭Disaccharides‬‭-‬‭double‬‭sugar‬
‭○‬ ‭Formed‬‭through‬‭the‬‭dehydration‬‭synthesis‬‭of‬‭2‬‭monomers‬
‭○‬ ‭Sucruse‬‭→‬‭Glucose‬‭and‬‭fructose‬
‭■‬ ‭Table‬‭sugar‬
‭○‬ ‭Lactose‬‭→‬‭Glucose‬‭and‬‭galactose‬
‭■‬ ‭Milk‬‭sugar‬
‭○‬ ‭Maltose‬‭→‬‭Glucose‬‭and‬‭glucose‬
‭■‬ ‭Malt‬‭sugar‬
‭○‬ ‭All‬‭of‬‭these‬‭are‬‭isomers‬‭(C‬‭12‬‭H‬‭22‬‭o‬‭11‬‭)‬
‭■‬ ‭Loses‬‭a‬‭H‭2‬ ‬‭O‬
‭○‬ 𝛼‭ ‬‭(1‬‭to‬‭4)‬‭bond‬‭-‬‭creates‬‭a‬‭glycosidic‬‭linkage‬
‭■‬ ‭Carbon‬‭6‬‭is‬‭always‬‭the‬‭flag‬‭standing‬‭up‬‭-‬‭goes‬‭counterclockwise‬
‭○‬ β‭ ‬‭points‬‭up‬
‭●‬ ‭Polysaccharides‬‭-‬‭many‬‭monosaccharides‬‭(3‬‭or‬‭more)‬
‭○‬ ‭Joined‬‭through‬‭dehydration‬‭synthesis‬
‭○‬ ‭We‬‭can‬‭digest‬‭the‬‭alpha‬‭bond‬‭but‬‭not‬‭the‬‭beta‬‭bond‬

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‭○‬ ‭Glycogen‬‭-‬‭long,‬‭branched‬‭chains‬‭of‬‭𝛼‬‭(1-4)‬‭glucose‬
‭■‬ ‭Storage‬‭form‬‭of‬‭glucose‬‭in‬‭animals‬
‭■‬ ‭Stored‬‭in‬‭muscles‬‭and‬‭liver‬
‭○‬ ‭Starch‬‭-‬‭long‬‭chains‬‭of‬‭𝛼‬‭(1-4)‬‭glucose‬
‭■‬ ‭The‬‭storage‬‭form‬‭of‬‭plants‬‭(plant‬‭form‬‭of‬‭glycogen)‬
‭■‬ ‭Stored‬‭in‬‭roots‬‭and‬‭seeds‬‭(corn)‬
‭○‬ ‭Cellulose‬‭-‬‭chains‬‭of‬‭β‬‭bonded‬‭glucose‬
‭■‬ ‭Cell‬‭walls‬‭of‬‭plants‬
‭■‬ ‭Fiber‬
‭■‬ ‭Slightly‬‭different‬‭isomer‬‭of‬‭glucose‬
‭○‬ ‭Chitin‬‭(kiten)-‬‭modified‬‭glucose‬‭molecules‬
‭■‬ ‭Insect‬‭exoskeleton‬

‭Lipids‬
‭●‬ ‭Lipids‬‭are‬‭large,‬‭non-polar,‬‭hydrophobic‬‭,‬‭fatty‬‭compounds‬‭that‬‭are‬‭not‬‭soluble‬‭in‬‭H‭2‬ ‭O‬ ‬
‭○‬ ‭Most‬‭have‬‭fatty‬‭acids‬‭and‬‭alcohol‬
‭○‬ ‭Monomers:‬‭fatty‬‭acids‬‭and‬‭alcohol‬
‭○‬ ‭Very‬‭similar‬‭to‬‭octane‬
‭○‬ ‭Fuel‬‭source,‬‭flammable‬
‭○‬ ‭The‬‭energy‬‭is‬‭stored‬‭in‬‭the‬‭long‬‭chains‬
‭●‬ ‭Monomer‬‭units‬‭(functional‬‭group:‬‭carboxylic‬‭acid)‬
‭○‬ ‭Fatty‬‭acids‬‭(functional‬‭group:‬‭carboxylic‬‭acid)‬
‭■‬ ‭Saturated‬‭don’t‬‭have‬‭double‬‭bonds‬‭between‬‭the‬‭carbon‬‭atoms‬‭(all‬‭are‬
‭saturated‬‭with‬‭hydrogen)‬
‭●‬ ‭Saturated‬‭animal‬‭fats‬‭are‬‭associated‬‭with‬‭circulatory‬‭disorders‬
‭but‬‭plant‬‭oils‬‭can‬‭be‬‭substituted‬‭for‬‭animal‬‭fats‬‭in‬‭the‬‭diet‬
‭●‬ ‭Solid‬‭at‬‭room‬‭temperature‬‭(fats)‬
‭●‬ ‭From‬‭animals‬
‭●‬ ‭Generally‬‭bad‬‭for‬‭people‬
‭●‬ ‭Straight‬‭chains‬
‭■‬ ‭Unsaturated‬‭have‬‭double‬‭bonds‬‭between‬‭the‬‭carbon‬‭atoms‬‭and‬‭it’s‬
‭missing‬‭a‬‭hydrogen‬
‭●‬ ‭Liquid‬‭at‬‭room‬‭temperature‬‭(oils)‬
‭●‬ ‭From‬‭plants‬
‭●‬ ‭Generally‬‭better‬‭for‬‭people‬
‭●‬ ‭Kinked‬‭chains‬
‭○‬ ‭Alcohols‬
●‭ ‬ ‭Structure‬‭of‬‭fatty‬‭acids‬
‭●‬ ‭Types‬‭of‬‭fatty‬‭acids‬
‭○‬ ‭Triglycerides‬‭-‬‭glycerol‬‭alcohol‬‭and‬‭3‬‭fatty‬‭acids‬
‭■‬ ‭Fats‬‭and‬‭oils‬