Biology Cell Notes

‭27‬


‭Cells‬
‭●‬ ‭8‬‭characteristics‬‭of‬‭living‬‭things‬
‭○‬ ‭M‬‭ade‬‭of‬‭cells‬
‭■‬ ‭Fundamental‬‭unit‬‭of‬‭structure‬
‭■‬ ‭Unicellular‬‭(amoeba,‬‭bacteria)‬‭or‬‭multicellular‬‭(plants,‬‭animals)‬
‭○‬ ‭O‭r‬ ganized‬
‭■‬ ‭Systems‬




‭■‬ ‭Atoms→molecules→organells→cells‬‭(where‬‭life‬‭starts)‬‭→tissue→‬
‭ rgans→body‬‭system→organism‬‭(where‬‭ecology‬‭starts)‬
o
‭→population→community→ecosystem→biosphere‬
‭○‬ ‭R‭e‬ production‬
‭■‬ ‭Can‬‭be‬‭sexual‬‭(fertilizing‬‭an‬‭egg)‬‭or‬‭asexual‬‭(cell‬‭division)‬
‭○‬ ‭E‭n
‬ ergy‬
■‭ ‬ ‭ se/manipulate‬‭energy‬
U
‭■‬ ‭All‬‭life‬‭starts‬‭with‬‭the‬‭Sun‬
‭■‬ ‭Energy‬‭flows‬‭through‬‭biological‬‭systems‬‭and‬‭is‬‭transferred‬‭from‬‭one‬
‭thing‬‭to‬‭another‬
‭○‬ ‭G‬‭row‬‭and‬‭development‬
‭■‬ ‭ iving‬‭organisms‬‭display‬‭some‬‭sort‬‭of‬‭growth‬‭and/or‬‭development‬
L
‭stages‬
‭○‬ ‭R‭e‬ spond‬‭to‬‭stimuli‬
■‭ ‬ ‭ here‬‭is‬‭a‬‭response‬‭of‬‭some‬‭sort‬‭when‬‭stimuli‬‭are‬‭presented‬
T
‭■‬ ‭Phototropism‬‭in‬‭plants‬
‭■‬ ‭Taxis‬‭in‬‭animals‬

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‭○‬ ‭A‭d
‬ aptation‬
‭■‬ ‭Evolution‬
‭●‬ ‭Camouflage‬
‭○‬ ‭H‭o‬ meostasis‬
‭■‬ ‭Maintains‬‭constant‬‭internal‬‭balance‬
‭●‬ ‭Body‬‭temperature‬‭(sweating‬‭and‬‭shivering)‬
‭●‬ ‭Fasting‬‭blood‬‭sugar‬
‭●‬ ‭ iruses‬‭are‬‭living‬
V
‭○‬ ‭Small‬‭pieces‬‭of‬‭DNA‬‭surrounded‬‭by‬‭proteins‬‭that‬‭mimic‬‭cell‬‭life‬




‭●‬ ‭ ells‬‭-‬‭the‬‭smallest‬‭unit‬‭of‬‭structure‬‭and‬‭function‬‭in‬‭all‬‭living‬‭things‬‭which‬‭can‬‭carry‬
C
‭out‬‭all‬‭of‬‭life’s‬‭processes‬
‭●‬ ‭Discovery‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Cell‬‭Theory‬‭(foundations)‬
‭○‬ ‭In‬‭1665,‬‭English‬‭scientist‬‭Robert‬‭Hooke‬‭viewed‬‭cork‬‭(dead‬‭tissue‬‭outside‬‭of‬‭the‬
‭wood)‬‭and‬‭coined‬‭the‬‭term‬‭“cells”‬‭(reminded‬‭him‬‭of‬‭jail‬‭cells)‬
‭○‬ ‭Anton‬‭van‬‭Leeuwenhoek‬‭was‬‭a‬‭Dutch‬‭microscope‬‭maker,‬‭credited‬‭with‬‭being‬
‭the‬‭first‬‭scientist‬‭to‬‭see‬‭living‬‭cells‬
‭■‬ ‭Looked‬‭like‬‭a‬‭magnifying‬‭glass‬
‭●‬ ‭Making‬‭the‬‭Cell‬‭Theory‬
‭○‬ ‭Matthias‬‭Schleiden‬‭was‬‭a‬‭German‬‭botanist‬‭who‬‭observed‬‭that‬‭all‬‭plants‬‭are‬
‭made‬‭of‬‭cells‬
‭○‬ ‭Theodor‬‭Schwann‬‭(think‬‭of‬‭a‬‭swan‬‭so‬‭he‬‭studied‬‭animals)‬‭was‬‭a‬‭German‬
‭zoologist,‬‭Matthias’‬‭counterpart,‬‭who‬‭observed‬‭that‬‭all‬‭animals‬‭are‬‭made‬‭of‬
‭cells‬
‭○‬ ‭Rudolph‬‭Virchow‬‭was‬‭a‬‭German‬‭physician‬‭who‬‭observed‬‭all‬‭cells‬‭come‬‭from‬
‭pre-existing‬‭cells‬‭(watched‬‭cells‬‭divide)‬

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‭●‬ ‭Cell‬‭theory‬
‭○‬ ‭All‬‭living‬‭things‬‭are‬‭made‬‭up‬‭of‬‭cells‬
‭○‬ ‭All‬‭cells‬‭come‬‭from‬‭preexisting‬‭cells‬
‭○‬ ‭The‬‭basic‬‭unit‬‭of‬‭life‬‭(structure‬‭and‬‭function)‬
‭●‬ ‭4‬‭basic‬‭needs‬‭a‬‭cell‬‭has‬
‭○‬ ‭Plasma‬‭membrane‬‭-‬‭controls‬‭what‬‭goes‬‭in‬‭and‬‭out‬‭of‬‭the‬‭cell‬
‭○‬ ‭DNA‬‭-‬‭can‬‭reproduce,‬‭grow‬
‭○‬ ‭Ribose‬‭-‬‭part‬‭of‬‭RNA,‬‭which‬‭carries‬‭out‬
‭○‬ ‭Cytoplasm‬‭-‬‭has‬‭enzymes‬‭that‬‭utilize‬‭energy,‬‭all‬‭the‬‭things‬‭needed‬‭for‬
‭metabolism‬
‭●‬ ‭Eukaryote‬‭=‬‭true‬‭nuclei‬
‭○‬ ‭Membrane‬‭bound‬‭organelles‬
‭○‬ ‭Ex.‬‭protists,‬‭fungi,‬‭plants,‬‭and‬‭animals‬
‭○‬ ‭Reproduces‬‭sexually‬‭and‬‭asexually‬
‭●‬ ‭Prokaryote‬‭=‬‭before‬‭nucleus‬
‭○‬ ‭Lack‬‭of‬‭a‬‭nucleus‬‭and‬‭membrane-bound‬‭organelles‬
‭■‬ ‭Do‬‭have‬‭DNA,‬‭ribosomes,‬‭cytoplasm,‬‭cell‬‭membranes,‬‭and‬‭cell‬‭walls‬
‭(ribosome‬‭is‬‭a‬‭cell‬‭part‬‭-‬‭no‬‭membrane-bound‬‭organelles,‬‭)‬
‭○‬ ‭Ex.‬‭Bacteria‬
‭○‬ ‭Reproduces‬‭asexually‬
‭●‬ ‭Similarities‬‭vs‬‭Differences‬
‭○‬ ‭Not‬‭cell‬‭walls‬
‭●‬ ‭Organelles‬‭are‬‭specialized‬‭structures‬‭that‬‭carry‬‭out‬‭specific‬‭functions‬