Solution Manual for
Statistics for Nursing
Research A Workbook
for Evidence-Based
Practice 3rd Edition
Susan Grove Daisha
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
n n n n n n
Measurement: Nominal,
n
n
n n
n
1
Thenquestionsnareninnboldnfollowednbynanswers.
1. InnTablen1,nidentifynthenlevelnofnmeasurementnfornthencurrentntherapynvariable.nProvidenanr
ationalenfornyournanswer.
Answer:nThencurrentntherapynvariablenwasnmeasurednatnthennominalnlevel.nThesendrugncategoriesn
werenprobablyndevelopedntonbenexhaustivenfornthisnstudynandnincludednthencategoriesnofndrugsnthen
subjectsnwerenreceiving.nHowever,nthencategoriesnarennotnexclusive,nsincenpatientsnarenusuallynonn
morenthannonencategorynofnthesendrugsntonmanagentheirnhealthnproblems.nThencurrentntherapiesnar
ennotnmeasurednatnthenordinalnlevelnbecausentheyncannotnbenranknordered,nsincennondrugncategorynca
nnbenconsiderednmorenornlessnbeneficialnthannanotherndrugncategoryn(seenFiguren1-
1;nGroven&nGray,n2019).
2. Whatnisnthenmodenfornthencurrentntherapynvariableninnthisnstudy?nProvidenanrationalenforn y
ournanswer.
Answer:nThen moden forn currentn therapyn wasnβnblocker.nAn totaln ofn 100n (94%)n ofn thencardiacn patients
weren receivingn thisn categoryn ofn drug,n whichn wasn then mostn commonn prescribedn drugn forn thisnsample
.
3. WhatnstatisticsnwerenconductedntondescribenthenBMInofnthencardiacnpatientsninnthisnsample?
nDiscussn whether nthese nanalysisntechniques nwere n appropriate norninappropriate.
Answer:nBMInwasndescribednwithnanmeannandnstandardndeviationn(SD).nBMInmeasurementnresultedni
nnratio-levelndatanwithncontinuousnvaluesnandnannabsolutenzeron(Stonen&nFrazier,n2017).nRatio-
nlevelndatanshouldnbenanalyzednwithnparametricnstatisticsnsuchnasnthenmeannandnSDn(Groven&nGray,n
2017;nKnapp,n2017).
4. Researchersnusednthenfollowingnitemntonmeasurenregisterednnurses’n(RNs)nincomeninnanstudy:n W
hatncategorynidentifiesnyourncurrentnincomenasnannRN?
a. Lessnthann$50,000
b. $50,000nton59,999
c. $60,000nton69,999
d. $70,000nton80,000
e. $80,000norngreater
Whatnlevelnofnmeasurementnisnthisnincomenvariable?nDoesnthenincomenvariablenfollownthenru
lesnoutlinedninnFiguren1-1?nProvidenanrationalenfornyournanswer.
Answer:nInnthisnexample,nthenincomenvariablenisnmeasurednatnthenordinalnlevel.nThenincomencatego-
nriesn aren exhaustive,n rangingn fromn lessn thann $50,000n ton greatern thann $80,000.n Then twon open-ended
AGn1-1
,AGn1-2 AnswernGuidelinesnfornQuestionsntonBenGraded
categoriesnensurenthatnallnsalarynlevelsnarencovered.nThencategoriesnarennotnexclusive,nsincencatego-
nriesn(d)nandn(e)n includen ann$80,000 nsalary,n sonstudyn participantsn makingn $80,000n mightnmarkn eit
hern(d)norn(e)nornbothncategories,nresultingninnerroneousndata.nCategoryn(e)ncouldnbenchangedn tongr
eaternthann$80,000,nmakingnthencategoriesnexclusive.nThencategoriesncannbenranknorderednfromnth
enlowestnsalaryntonthenhighestnsalary,nwhichnisnconsistentnwithnordinalndatan(Groven&nGray,n2019;n
Waltznetnal.,n2017).
5. WhatnlevelnofnmeasurementnisnthenCDSnscore?nProvidenanrationalenfornyournanswer.
Answer:nThenCDSnscorenisnatnthenintervalnlevelnofnmeasurement.nThenCDSnisnan26-
itemnLikertnscalendevelopedntonmeasurendepressionninncardiacnpatients.nStudynparticipantsnratednt
heirnsymp-
ntomsn onn anscalen ofn 1n ton 7,n withn highern numbersn indicatingn increasedn severityn inn then depressionnsy
mptoms.nThentotalnscoresnforneachnsubjectnobtainednfromnthisnmulti-
itemnscalenarenconsideredntonbenatnthenintervalnlevelnofnmeasurementn(Graynetnal.,n2017;nWaltznetna
l.,n2017).
5.n WerennonparametricnornparametricnanalysisntechniquesnusedntonanalyzenthenCDSnscoresnfor
nthencardiac npatientsnin nthisnstudy? n Provide nanrationale nfor nyour nanswer.
Answer:nParametricnstatistics,nsuchnasnmeannandnSD,nwerenconductedntondescribenCDSnscoresn for
nstudynparticipantsn(seenTablen1).nCDSnscoresnareninterval-
levelndatanasnindicatedninnQuestionsn5,nsonparametricnstatisticsnarenappropriatenfornthisnlevelnofndata
n(Grayn etnal.,n 2017;n Kimn & nMallory,n 2017).
7.n IsnthenprevalencenofndepressionnlinkedntonthenNYHAnclass?nDiscussnthenclinicalnimportancen
ofnthisnresult.
Answer:nThenstudynnarrativenindicatednthatnthenprevalencenofndepressionnincreasednwithnthengreat
ernNYHAnclass.nInnNYHAnclassnIII,n64%nofnthensubjectsnwerendepressed,nwhereasn11%nofnthensubje
ctsnwerendepressedninnNYHAnclassnI.nThus,nasnthenNYHAnclassnincreased,nthennumbernofnsub-
njectsnwithndepressionnincreased.nThisnisnannexpectednfindingnbecausenasnthenNYHAnclassnincreases,n
cardiacnpatientsnhavenmorenseverenphysicalnsymptoms,nwhichnusuallynresultninnemotionalndistress,n
suchnasndepression.nNursesnneedntonactivelynassessncardiacnpatientsnforndepression,nespeciallynthosen in
nhighern NYHAnclasses,nson theynmightn ben diagnosednandn treatednasn needed.
8.n Whatnfrequencynandnpercentnofncardiacnpatientsninnthisnstudynwerennotnbeingntreatednwithn
annantidepressant?nShownyourncalculationsnandnroundnyournanswerntonthennearestnwholenp
ercentn(%).
Answer:n An totaln ofn 106n cardiacn patientsn participatedn inn thisn study.n Then samplen includedn 15
n patientsn whon weren receivingn ann antidepressantn (seen Tablen 1).n Then number n ofn cardiacn patien
tsn notn treatedn forn depressionn wasn 91n (106n –
n 15n =n91). n Then groupn percentn isn calculatedn byn then followingn formula:n (groupn frequencyn ÷ nto
taln samplen size)n ×n100%.n Forn thisn study,n(91n patientsn ÷n106n samplen size)n ×n100%n =n0.858
n ×n100%n = n85.8%n =n86%.n Then finaln answern isn roundedn ton then nearestn wholen percentn asn dir
ectedn inn then question.n Youn couldn havenalsonsubtractednthen14%nofnpatientsntreatednwithnantidepr
essantsnfromn100%nandnobtainednthen86%nwhonwerennotntreatednwithnannantidepressant.
t.n Whatnwasnthenpurposenofnthen5-
minutenwalkntestn(5MWT)?nWouldnthen5MWTnbenusefulninnclinicalnpractice?
Answer:nHanetnal.n(2018)nstated,n“Then6-
minnwalkntestn(6MWT)nisnanmeasurenofnthensubmaximal,nsteady-
statenfunctionalncapacity”nofncardiacnpatients.nThisntestnwouldnbenanquick,neasynwayntondeterminen
an cardiacn patient’sn functionaln statusn inn an clinicaln setting.n Thisn functionaln statusnscoren couldn
ben usedn ton determinen then treatmentn plann ton promoten orn maintainn functionaln statusnofncardiacnpa
tients.
, AnswernGuidelinesnfornQuestionsntonBenGraded AGn1-3
10.n Hownwasnexercisenconfidencenmeasuredninnthisnstudy?nWhatnwasnthenlevelnofnmeasurementnf
ornthenexercisenconfidencenvariableninnthisnstudy?nProvidenanrationalenfornyournanswer.nAn
swer:nExercisenconfidencenofnthenpatientsnwithnheartnfailuren(HF)ninnthisnstudynwasnmeasurednwith
nthenExercisenConfidencenScalenthatnincludednfournsubscalesnfocusednonnwalking, nclimbing,n lifting
nobjectsn ofn gradedn weight,n andnrunningn(seen then study nnarrative). n Thisn wasn anratingn scalen withnval
uesnrangingnfromn0nton100.nThenpatients’nscoresnfornthenTotalnExercisenConfidencenscalenandnthens
ubscalesnwerenconsideredninterval-
levelndatanandnanalyzednwithnparametricnstatistics,nsuchnasnmeansnandnSDsn(seenthenstudynnarrativ
e;nWaltznetnal.,n2017).
Statistics for Nursing
Research A Workbook
for Evidence-Based
Practice 3rd Edition
Susan Grove Daisha
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
n n n n n n
Measurement: Nominal,
n
n
n n
n
1
Thenquestionsnareninnboldnfollowednbynanswers.
1. InnTablen1,nidentifynthenlevelnofnmeasurementnfornthencurrentntherapynvariable.nProvidenanr
ationalenfornyournanswer.
Answer:nThencurrentntherapynvariablenwasnmeasurednatnthennominalnlevel.nThesendrugncategoriesn
werenprobablyndevelopedntonbenexhaustivenfornthisnstudynandnincludednthencategoriesnofndrugsnthen
subjectsnwerenreceiving.nHowever,nthencategoriesnarennotnexclusive,nsincenpatientsnarenusuallynonn
morenthannonencategorynofnthesendrugsntonmanagentheirnhealthnproblems.nThencurrentntherapiesnar
ennotnmeasurednatnthenordinalnlevelnbecausentheyncannotnbenranknordered,nsincennondrugncategorynca
nnbenconsiderednmorenornlessnbeneficialnthannanotherndrugncategoryn(seenFiguren1-
1;nGroven&nGray,n2019).
2. Whatnisnthenmodenfornthencurrentntherapynvariableninnthisnstudy?nProvidenanrationalenforn y
ournanswer.
Answer:nThen moden forn currentn therapyn wasnβnblocker.nAn totaln ofn 100n (94%)n ofn thencardiacn patients
weren receivingn thisn categoryn ofn drug,n whichn wasn then mostn commonn prescribedn drugn forn thisnsample
.
3. WhatnstatisticsnwerenconductedntondescribenthenBMInofnthencardiacnpatientsninnthisnsample?
nDiscussn whether nthese nanalysisntechniques nwere n appropriate norninappropriate.
Answer:nBMInwasndescribednwithnanmeannandnstandardndeviationn(SD).nBMInmeasurementnresultedni
nnratio-levelndatanwithncontinuousnvaluesnandnannabsolutenzeron(Stonen&nFrazier,n2017).nRatio-
nlevelndatanshouldnbenanalyzednwithnparametricnstatisticsnsuchnasnthenmeannandnSDn(Groven&nGray,n
2017;nKnapp,n2017).
4. Researchersnusednthenfollowingnitemntonmeasurenregisterednnurses’n(RNs)nincomeninnanstudy:n W
hatncategorynidentifiesnyourncurrentnincomenasnannRN?
a. Lessnthann$50,000
b. $50,000nton59,999
c. $60,000nton69,999
d. $70,000nton80,000
e. $80,000norngreater
Whatnlevelnofnmeasurementnisnthisnincomenvariable?nDoesnthenincomenvariablenfollownthenru
lesnoutlinedninnFiguren1-1?nProvidenanrationalenfornyournanswer.
Answer:nInnthisnexample,nthenincomenvariablenisnmeasurednatnthenordinalnlevel.nThenincomencatego-
nriesn aren exhaustive,n rangingn fromn lessn thann $50,000n ton greatern thann $80,000.n Then twon open-ended
AGn1-1
,AGn1-2 AnswernGuidelinesnfornQuestionsntonBenGraded
categoriesnensurenthatnallnsalarynlevelsnarencovered.nThencategoriesnarennotnexclusive,nsincencatego-
nriesn(d)nandn(e)n includen ann$80,000 nsalary,n sonstudyn participantsn makingn $80,000n mightnmarkn eit
hern(d)norn(e)nornbothncategories,nresultingninnerroneousndata.nCategoryn(e)ncouldnbenchangedn tongr
eaternthann$80,000,nmakingnthencategoriesnexclusive.nThencategoriesncannbenranknorderednfromnth
enlowestnsalaryntonthenhighestnsalary,nwhichnisnconsistentnwithnordinalndatan(Groven&nGray,n2019;n
Waltznetnal.,n2017).
5. WhatnlevelnofnmeasurementnisnthenCDSnscore?nProvidenanrationalenfornyournanswer.
Answer:nThenCDSnscorenisnatnthenintervalnlevelnofnmeasurement.nThenCDSnisnan26-
itemnLikertnscalendevelopedntonmeasurendepressionninncardiacnpatients.nStudynparticipantsnratednt
heirnsymp-
ntomsn onn anscalen ofn 1n ton 7,n withn highern numbersn indicatingn increasedn severityn inn then depressionnsy
mptoms.nThentotalnscoresnforneachnsubjectnobtainednfromnthisnmulti-
itemnscalenarenconsideredntonbenatnthenintervalnlevelnofnmeasurementn(Graynetnal.,n2017;nWaltznetna
l.,n2017).
5.n WerennonparametricnornparametricnanalysisntechniquesnusedntonanalyzenthenCDSnscoresnfor
nthencardiac npatientsnin nthisnstudy? n Provide nanrationale nfor nyour nanswer.
Answer:nParametricnstatistics,nsuchnasnmeannandnSD,nwerenconductedntondescribenCDSnscoresn for
nstudynparticipantsn(seenTablen1).nCDSnscoresnareninterval-
levelndatanasnindicatedninnQuestionsn5,nsonparametricnstatisticsnarenappropriatenfornthisnlevelnofndata
n(Grayn etnal.,n 2017;n Kimn & nMallory,n 2017).
7.n IsnthenprevalencenofndepressionnlinkedntonthenNYHAnclass?nDiscussnthenclinicalnimportancen
ofnthisnresult.
Answer:nThenstudynnarrativenindicatednthatnthenprevalencenofndepressionnincreasednwithnthengreat
ernNYHAnclass.nInnNYHAnclassnIII,n64%nofnthensubjectsnwerendepressed,nwhereasn11%nofnthensubje
ctsnwerendepressedninnNYHAnclassnI.nThus,nasnthenNYHAnclassnincreased,nthennumbernofnsub-
njectsnwithndepressionnincreased.nThisnisnannexpectednfindingnbecausenasnthenNYHAnclassnincreases,n
cardiacnpatientsnhavenmorenseverenphysicalnsymptoms,nwhichnusuallynresultninnemotionalndistress,n
suchnasndepression.nNursesnneedntonactivelynassessncardiacnpatientsnforndepression,nespeciallynthosen in
nhighern NYHAnclasses,nson theynmightn ben diagnosednandn treatednasn needed.
8.n Whatnfrequencynandnpercentnofncardiacnpatientsninnthisnstudynwerennotnbeingntreatednwithn
annantidepressant?nShownyourncalculationsnandnroundnyournanswerntonthennearestnwholenp
ercentn(%).
Answer:n An totaln ofn 106n cardiacn patientsn participatedn inn thisn study.n Then samplen includedn 15
n patientsn whon weren receivingn ann antidepressantn (seen Tablen 1).n Then number n ofn cardiacn patien
tsn notn treatedn forn depressionn wasn 91n (106n –
n 15n =n91). n Then groupn percentn isn calculatedn byn then followingn formula:n (groupn frequencyn ÷ nto
taln samplen size)n ×n100%.n Forn thisn study,n(91n patientsn ÷n106n samplen size)n ×n100%n =n0.858
n ×n100%n = n85.8%n =n86%.n Then finaln answern isn roundedn ton then nearestn wholen percentn asn dir
ectedn inn then question.n Youn couldn havenalsonsubtractednthen14%nofnpatientsntreatednwithnantidepr
essantsnfromn100%nandnobtainednthen86%nwhonwerennotntreatednwithnannantidepressant.
t.n Whatnwasnthenpurposenofnthen5-
minutenwalkntestn(5MWT)?nWouldnthen5MWTnbenusefulninnclinicalnpractice?
Answer:nHanetnal.n(2018)nstated,n“Then6-
minnwalkntestn(6MWT)nisnanmeasurenofnthensubmaximal,nsteady-
statenfunctionalncapacity”nofncardiacnpatients.nThisntestnwouldnbenanquick,neasynwayntondeterminen
an cardiacn patient’sn functionaln statusn inn an clinicaln setting.n Thisn functionaln statusnscoren couldn
ben usedn ton determinen then treatmentn plann ton promoten orn maintainn functionaln statusnofncardiacnpa
tients.
, AnswernGuidelinesnfornQuestionsntonBenGraded AGn1-3
10.n Hownwasnexercisenconfidencenmeasuredninnthisnstudy?nWhatnwasnthenlevelnofnmeasurementnf
ornthenexercisenconfidencenvariableninnthisnstudy?nProvidenanrationalenfornyournanswer.nAn
swer:nExercisenconfidencenofnthenpatientsnwithnheartnfailuren(HF)ninnthisnstudynwasnmeasurednwith
nthenExercisenConfidencenScalenthatnincludednfournsubscalesnfocusednonnwalking, nclimbing,n lifting
nobjectsn ofn gradedn weight,n andnrunningn(seen then study nnarrative). n Thisn wasn anratingn scalen withnval
uesnrangingnfromn0nton100.nThenpatients’nscoresnfornthenTotalnExercisenConfidencenscalenandnthens
ubscalesnwerenconsideredninterval-
levelndatanandnanalyzednwithnparametricnstatistics,nsuchnasnmeansnandnSDsn(seenthenstudynnarrativ
e;nWaltznetnal.,n2017).
