NUR 213 FINAL AND MOCK EXAMS | COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS WITH EXPLANATIONS | GRADED A+ | VERIFIED
ANSWERS | LATEST VERSIONS 2025
What is innate immunity? - correct answer The first and immediate response of the immune
system, composed of the body's natural anatomical barriers, normal flora, white blood cells
(WBC), and protective enzymes and chemicals.
What role do macrophages play in innate immunity? - correct answer Macrophages
phagocytose foreign debris and antigens.
What is adaptive immunity? - correct answer A defense mechanism that occurs after the innate
response, providing a more specific form of protection developed after exposure to antigens.
How does adaptive immunity differ from innate immunity? - correct answer Adaptive immunity
acts fast and specifically, has memory of every individual antigen it has encountered, and
provides long-term protection, but is slower than innate immunity.
What are the end products of adaptive immunity? - correct answer Lymphocytes (T and B cells)
and antibodies (immunoglobulins).
What are the two types of T cells involved in cell-mediated immunity? - correct answer CD4
cells (helper T cells) and CD8 cells (cytotoxic T cells).
What is the function of CD4 cells? - correct answer CD4 cells are involved in cell-mediated
immunity and assist in antibody-mediated adaptive immunity.
What do CD8 cells do? - correct answer CD8 cells directly attack an antigen.
What is the role of antigen presenting cells? - correct answer They process the antigen first and
induce cell-mediated immune responses.
What happens to B lymphocytes when they encounter antigens? - correct answer B
lymphocytes are stimulated to mature into plasma cells, which produce specific
immunoglobulins (Igs) or antibodies that attack the antigen.
What is the most prevalent immunoglobulin and its function? - correct answer IgG is the most
protective against infections and is the most prevalent immunoglobulin.
What is the primary function of IgA? - correct answer IgA provides protective activity in
secretions.
What role does IgE play in the immune system? - correct answer IgE acts as a mediator in
allergic responses.
,What is the third line of defense in the immune system? - correct answer Adaptive immunity,
which works with inflammation, recognizes foreign or 'nonself' substances, and provides long-
term protection.
What is the role of antibodies or T cells in adaptive immunity? - correct answer They are given
to a person through vaccines, providing long-lasting immunity once established.
What is passive adaptive immunity? - correct answer It involves the transfer of immunity from
mother to baby or the transfer of antibodies produced by other people or animals, offering
short-term protection.
What occurs during the primary immune response? - correct answer It happens during the
initial exposure, with B-cell differentiation occurring during the latent period, leading to the
detection of IgM antibodies after 5-7 days.
How does the secondary immune response differ from the primary response? - correct answer
The secondary response is more rapid and produces a larger amount of antibodies, particularly
IgG, due to the presence of memory cells.
What characterizes an autoimmune response? - correct answer The immune system attacks its
own cells, failing to recognize 'self' from 'non-self'.
What is alloimmunity? - correct answer It occurs when the immune system reacts against
foreign tissue or antigens from individuals of the same species, such as during blood
transfusions or organ transplants.
What is the key component in Type 1 immediate hypersensitivity? - correct answer Mast cells
are key components, with IgE binding to them and releasing histamine.
Describe the mechanism of Type 2 cytotoxic hypersensitivity. - correct answer Antibodies bind
to tissue-specific antigens, activating the complement cascade which leads to cell destruction.
What happens in Type 3 immune complex hypersensitivity? - correct answer Antibodies bind to
soluble antigens, leading to the deposition of immune complexes in tissues, causing damage
through complement activation and neutrophil enzymes.
How are immune complexes cleared from the body? - correct answer Large immune complexes
are cleared by macrophages, small ones by renal clearance, and intermediate ones can cause
tissue deposition and problems.
What mediates Type 4 delayed hypersensitivity? - correct answer It is mediated by T
lymphocytes, particularly cytotoxic T cells, which destroy tissue directly.
What are the main differences between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis? - correct
answer Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease affecting predominantly women aged
, 20-40, with symmetrical joint involvement and systemic symptoms. Osteoarthritis is due to
joint overuse, affecting both genders over 50, with gradual decline and limited to joint pain.
What are the common symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis? - correct answer Symptoms include
feeling sick, fever, and elevated white blood cell count.
What joint movement effect is seen in rheumatoid arthritis? - correct answer Movement of the
joint decreases pain.
What joint movement effect is seen in osteoarthritis? - correct answer Movement increases
pain.
What are the characteristic deformities associated with rheumatoid arthritis? - correct answer
Swan neck and boutonniere deformities of fingers with ulnar deviation.
What is the typical diagnostic method for both rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis? - correct
answer X-ray is used for diagnosis in both conditions.
What is the time frame for symptom progression in rheumatoid arthritis? - correct answer
Symptoms progress gradually with exacerbations and remissions.
What is the time frame for symptom progression in osteoarthritis? - correct answer Symptoms
progress gradually over the years with a steady decline.
What is the significance of IgD in the immune system? - correct answer IgD is one type of B-cell
antigen receptor, though not well known.
What is the significance of IgM in the immune response? - correct answer IgM is the first
antibody produced during the initial or primary response to an antigen and is the largest
antibody.
What is a common clinical finding in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus? - correct answer Facial
rash to the cheeks, discoid rash (raised patches, scaling), photosensitivity, and oral or
nasopharyngeal ulcers.
What type of disease is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus? - correct answer A chronic,
inflammatory autoimmune disease that can affect multiple organs.
What characterizes the autoimmune response in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus? - correct
answer The production of a large variety of autoantibodies against self-antigens, resulting in
diffuse inflammation.
How does Systemic Lupus Erythematosus affect blood vessels? - correct answer It may
precipitate inflammation within blood vessels, disrupting blood flow and oxygen to the tissues.
CORRECT ANSWERS WITH EXPLANATIONS | GRADED A+ | VERIFIED
ANSWERS | LATEST VERSIONS 2025
What is innate immunity? - correct answer The first and immediate response of the immune
system, composed of the body's natural anatomical barriers, normal flora, white blood cells
(WBC), and protective enzymes and chemicals.
What role do macrophages play in innate immunity? - correct answer Macrophages
phagocytose foreign debris and antigens.
What is adaptive immunity? - correct answer A defense mechanism that occurs after the innate
response, providing a more specific form of protection developed after exposure to antigens.
How does adaptive immunity differ from innate immunity? - correct answer Adaptive immunity
acts fast and specifically, has memory of every individual antigen it has encountered, and
provides long-term protection, but is slower than innate immunity.
What are the end products of adaptive immunity? - correct answer Lymphocytes (T and B cells)
and antibodies (immunoglobulins).
What are the two types of T cells involved in cell-mediated immunity? - correct answer CD4
cells (helper T cells) and CD8 cells (cytotoxic T cells).
What is the function of CD4 cells? - correct answer CD4 cells are involved in cell-mediated
immunity and assist in antibody-mediated adaptive immunity.
What do CD8 cells do? - correct answer CD8 cells directly attack an antigen.
What is the role of antigen presenting cells? - correct answer They process the antigen first and
induce cell-mediated immune responses.
What happens to B lymphocytes when they encounter antigens? - correct answer B
lymphocytes are stimulated to mature into plasma cells, which produce specific
immunoglobulins (Igs) or antibodies that attack the antigen.
What is the most prevalent immunoglobulin and its function? - correct answer IgG is the most
protective against infections and is the most prevalent immunoglobulin.
What is the primary function of IgA? - correct answer IgA provides protective activity in
secretions.
What role does IgE play in the immune system? - correct answer IgE acts as a mediator in
allergic responses.
,What is the third line of defense in the immune system? - correct answer Adaptive immunity,
which works with inflammation, recognizes foreign or 'nonself' substances, and provides long-
term protection.
What is the role of antibodies or T cells in adaptive immunity? - correct answer They are given
to a person through vaccines, providing long-lasting immunity once established.
What is passive adaptive immunity? - correct answer It involves the transfer of immunity from
mother to baby or the transfer of antibodies produced by other people or animals, offering
short-term protection.
What occurs during the primary immune response? - correct answer It happens during the
initial exposure, with B-cell differentiation occurring during the latent period, leading to the
detection of IgM antibodies after 5-7 days.
How does the secondary immune response differ from the primary response? - correct answer
The secondary response is more rapid and produces a larger amount of antibodies, particularly
IgG, due to the presence of memory cells.
What characterizes an autoimmune response? - correct answer The immune system attacks its
own cells, failing to recognize 'self' from 'non-self'.
What is alloimmunity? - correct answer It occurs when the immune system reacts against
foreign tissue or antigens from individuals of the same species, such as during blood
transfusions or organ transplants.
What is the key component in Type 1 immediate hypersensitivity? - correct answer Mast cells
are key components, with IgE binding to them and releasing histamine.
Describe the mechanism of Type 2 cytotoxic hypersensitivity. - correct answer Antibodies bind
to tissue-specific antigens, activating the complement cascade which leads to cell destruction.
What happens in Type 3 immune complex hypersensitivity? - correct answer Antibodies bind to
soluble antigens, leading to the deposition of immune complexes in tissues, causing damage
through complement activation and neutrophil enzymes.
How are immune complexes cleared from the body? - correct answer Large immune complexes
are cleared by macrophages, small ones by renal clearance, and intermediate ones can cause
tissue deposition and problems.
What mediates Type 4 delayed hypersensitivity? - correct answer It is mediated by T
lymphocytes, particularly cytotoxic T cells, which destroy tissue directly.
What are the main differences between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis? - correct
answer Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease affecting predominantly women aged
, 20-40, with symmetrical joint involvement and systemic symptoms. Osteoarthritis is due to
joint overuse, affecting both genders over 50, with gradual decline and limited to joint pain.
What are the common symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis? - correct answer Symptoms include
feeling sick, fever, and elevated white blood cell count.
What joint movement effect is seen in rheumatoid arthritis? - correct answer Movement of the
joint decreases pain.
What joint movement effect is seen in osteoarthritis? - correct answer Movement increases
pain.
What are the characteristic deformities associated with rheumatoid arthritis? - correct answer
Swan neck and boutonniere deformities of fingers with ulnar deviation.
What is the typical diagnostic method for both rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis? - correct
answer X-ray is used for diagnosis in both conditions.
What is the time frame for symptom progression in rheumatoid arthritis? - correct answer
Symptoms progress gradually with exacerbations and remissions.
What is the time frame for symptom progression in osteoarthritis? - correct answer Symptoms
progress gradually over the years with a steady decline.
What is the significance of IgD in the immune system? - correct answer IgD is one type of B-cell
antigen receptor, though not well known.
What is the significance of IgM in the immune response? - correct answer IgM is the first
antibody produced during the initial or primary response to an antigen and is the largest
antibody.
What is a common clinical finding in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus? - correct answer Facial
rash to the cheeks, discoid rash (raised patches, scaling), photosensitivity, and oral or
nasopharyngeal ulcers.
What type of disease is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus? - correct answer A chronic,
inflammatory autoimmune disease that can affect multiple organs.
What characterizes the autoimmune response in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus? - correct
answer The production of a large variety of autoantibodies against self-antigens, resulting in
diffuse inflammation.
How does Systemic Lupus Erythematosus affect blood vessels? - correct answer It may
precipitate inflammation within blood vessels, disrupting blood flow and oxygen to the tissues.
