Microbiology Exam 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100%
ACCURATE 2025.
Infectious Disease - ✅✅the disruption of a tissue or organism cause by microbes or
their products
"The Rule" - ✅✅contamination without colonization and colonization without disease
Indigenous flora or normal flora - ✅✅normal (resident) biota (microbiota)
Commensalism - ✅✅one organism is benefited and the other is unaffected
Mutualism - ✅✅both organisms benefit
Parasitism - ✅✅one organism is benefited at the expense of the other
Microbiota - ✅✅one on surfaces of body. beneficial, or commensal to the host
External Surfaces - ✅✅skin, eye
Internal Surfaces - ✅✅nose, mouth, intestinal tract, vagina, urethra
Pathogen - ✅✅a microbe whose relationship with its host is parasitic and results in
infection and disease
Opportunistic Pathogens - ✅✅cause disease when the host's defenses are
compromised or when they become established in a part of the body that is not natural
to them
Virulence - ✅✅of a microbe, is determined by its ability to establish itself in a host
Virulence factor - ✅✅any characteristic or structure of the microbe that contributes to
its ability to establish itself in the host and cause damage
Infectious dose (ID) - ✅✅the minimum number of microbes necessary to cause an
infection to proceed
Adhesion mechanisms - ✅✅fimbriae (pilli), surface proteins, adhesive slimes or
capsules
Phagocytes - ✅✅cells that engulf and destroy host pathogens
, Complement system - ✅✅antimicrobial blood proteins
Bacterial Toxins - ✅✅a potent source of cellular damage
Neurotoxins - ✅✅toxins that act on the nervous system
Enterotoxins - ✅✅toxins that act on the intestines
Hemotoxins - ✅✅toxins that act on the lyse red blood cells
Nephrotoxins - ✅✅toxins that act on the kidneys
Exotoxins - ✅✅secreted outside the bacterial cell. proteins with a strong specificity for
a target host cell and extremely powerful, sometimes deadly effects
Hemolysis - ✅✅disrupt the membrane of red blood cells to release hemoglobin
Endotoxin - ✅✅lipopolysaccharide (LPS), part of the outer membrane of gram (-) cell
walls. has a variety of systemic effects on tissues and organs causes fever,
inflammation, hemorrhage, and diarrhea
Process of Infection and Disease - ✅✅establishment, spread, and pathologic effects
Sign - ✅✅objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer
Symptom - ✅✅subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient
Syndrome - ✅✅a disease identified by a certain complex of signs and symptoms
Latency - ✅✅a dormant state of microbes in certain chronic infectious diseases
Sequelae - ✅✅long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs cause by
infectious disease
Incubation period - ✅✅the time from initial contact with the infectious agent to the
appearance of symptoms
Prodromal stage - ✅✅1-2 day period when the earliest notable symptoms of infection
appear
Period of Invasion - ✅✅infectious agent multiplies at high levels, exhibits greatest
toxicity, becomes well established in host tissue
ACCURATE 2025.
Infectious Disease - ✅✅the disruption of a tissue or organism cause by microbes or
their products
"The Rule" - ✅✅contamination without colonization and colonization without disease
Indigenous flora or normal flora - ✅✅normal (resident) biota (microbiota)
Commensalism - ✅✅one organism is benefited and the other is unaffected
Mutualism - ✅✅both organisms benefit
Parasitism - ✅✅one organism is benefited at the expense of the other
Microbiota - ✅✅one on surfaces of body. beneficial, or commensal to the host
External Surfaces - ✅✅skin, eye
Internal Surfaces - ✅✅nose, mouth, intestinal tract, vagina, urethra
Pathogen - ✅✅a microbe whose relationship with its host is parasitic and results in
infection and disease
Opportunistic Pathogens - ✅✅cause disease when the host's defenses are
compromised or when they become established in a part of the body that is not natural
to them
Virulence - ✅✅of a microbe, is determined by its ability to establish itself in a host
Virulence factor - ✅✅any characteristic or structure of the microbe that contributes to
its ability to establish itself in the host and cause damage
Infectious dose (ID) - ✅✅the minimum number of microbes necessary to cause an
infection to proceed
Adhesion mechanisms - ✅✅fimbriae (pilli), surface proteins, adhesive slimes or
capsules
Phagocytes - ✅✅cells that engulf and destroy host pathogens
, Complement system - ✅✅antimicrobial blood proteins
Bacterial Toxins - ✅✅a potent source of cellular damage
Neurotoxins - ✅✅toxins that act on the nervous system
Enterotoxins - ✅✅toxins that act on the intestines
Hemotoxins - ✅✅toxins that act on the lyse red blood cells
Nephrotoxins - ✅✅toxins that act on the kidneys
Exotoxins - ✅✅secreted outside the bacterial cell. proteins with a strong specificity for
a target host cell and extremely powerful, sometimes deadly effects
Hemolysis - ✅✅disrupt the membrane of red blood cells to release hemoglobin
Endotoxin - ✅✅lipopolysaccharide (LPS), part of the outer membrane of gram (-) cell
walls. has a variety of systemic effects on tissues and organs causes fever,
inflammation, hemorrhage, and diarrhea
Process of Infection and Disease - ✅✅establishment, spread, and pathologic effects
Sign - ✅✅objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer
Symptom - ✅✅subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient
Syndrome - ✅✅a disease identified by a certain complex of signs and symptoms
Latency - ✅✅a dormant state of microbes in certain chronic infectious diseases
Sequelae - ✅✅long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs cause by
infectious disease
Incubation period - ✅✅the time from initial contact with the infectious agent to the
appearance of symptoms
Prodromal stage - ✅✅1-2 day period when the earliest notable symptoms of infection
appear
Period of Invasion - ✅✅infectious agent multiplies at high levels, exhibits greatest
toxicity, becomes well established in host tissue
