LETRS UNIT 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100%
ACCURATE.
normal "flora" - traditional view - ✅✅MICROBES WE COULD FIND IN AND ON OUR
BODIES IN EVEN HEALTHY PEOPLE
FLORA REALLY MEANS PLANTS
normal flora were commensals
commensals - traditional view - ✅✅get benefits from living on us but we as humans dont get
anything from them; not doing anything for us
normal flora and commensal relationship - ✅✅normal "flora" ----> commensals
pathogens - traditional view - ✅✅cause disease
pathogen and disease relationship - ✅✅pathogens ----> disease
what does disease mean? - traditional and modern view - ✅✅damage to host cells and
tissues
modern view of microbes and humans - KNOW ARROWS OF RELATIONSHIPS -
✅✅LECTURE 3-15 Slide 3
normal microbiota (all microbes that live in and on us)
mutualists (doing good things for us - need them for optimal health; provide benefits)
commensals (just hanging out there)
pathogens (comensal pathogens - some normal microbiotia can cuase disease- commensals
can be pathogens)
,dysbiosis (can lead to disease - need to maintain optimal level of normal microbiota compostion
of could cause disease)
what are humans colonized by microbes for? - ✅✅life - the normal microbiota
why are normal microbiota hard to study? - ✅✅because we all have them
normal microbiota questions:
are they commensals or mutualists?
are they residents or transients?
what happens when the normal relationship is disrupted? - ✅✅WE DONT KNOW THE
ANSWERS TO THESE QUESTIONS
transients - ✅✅short time but dont have permanent address on our bodies and make not be
impacting us too much
what were normal microbiota initially called? - ✅✅normal flora
what happens when the normal relationship is disrupted? - possible explanation -
✅✅dysbiosis - could be a explanation for certain disease that have came up in the U.S.
what is the human microbiome project? - ✅✅normal microobiota and all their genomic
capabity - their function role/what theyre capable of doing; genomes of ALL the microbiota
NIH study to determine basic information about normal microbiota
what microbes are commonly found in healthy humans?
how do they vary across a lifetime and between people?
what is their role in health and disease?
what does the normal microbiota contain? - ✅✅MANY BACTERIA
,55 different phyla of bacteria are known
only 4-6 are predominate in humans (found on human body - selective environment; they are
very abundant on humans)
firmicutes and actinobacteria - ✅✅bacteria contained from normal microbiota
gram-positive
bacteroidetes and proteobacteria - ✅✅bacteria contained from normal microbiota
gram-negative
what are other members of the microbiota besides bacteria? - ✅✅archaea (few species of
methanogens)
fungi (colonize skin and oral tract)
protists (GI tract)
animals (worms and mites)
viruses: human virome - even healthy people have viruses cirulating through their body at times
how do we acquire our microbiota? - ✅✅initial colonization during birth - during birthing
process; almost immediately colonized with microorganisms
ecological succession over time until mature community at adulthood - start to develop stable
health community that will occur after puberty
autotrophs provide what to their animal? - ✅✅carbon source to animal hosts
heterotrophs provide what to their animal? - ✅✅degrade plant materials for their host to eat
what do microbes use biosynthetic capacity for? - ✅✅provide amino acids and vitamins to
animal hosts that love on an unbalanced diet
what do some microbes also do for their animal hosts? - ✅✅fix nitrogen
good for those who have an unbalanced diet - ex. termites who eat wood
, not limited to just carbon metabolism - micrboes can make amino acids and other food sources
what do microbes produce for their animal hosts? - ✅✅antibiotics that protect their hosts from
infectious disease
ex. ants coated in microorangisms that keep fungal healthy - carry around their own antibiotic
producing microbes
ex. ants bring leaves to their fungi to degrade it and then the ants eat the fungi
what do microbes affect on their animal? - ✅✅behavior, fertility, appearance
what is an example of a chemoautotrophic microbe that some animals depend on? -
✅✅metabolic interactions - microbes good and animals bad metablic capabilities
hydrothermal vents and other marine environments release inorganic chemicals suitable for
microbial growth such as H2S and H2 - use these as electron donors for lithotrophs
ocean floor, pitch black, no light and no energy to be gained from phototrophy - vent fluids are
rich in reduced inorganic minerals
microbes can survive in these environments - lead to a series of animals that depend on these
microbes for their growth (ex. tube worms)
what is chemoautotrophic symbiosis? - ✅✅chemoautotrophs fix carbon dioxide and use
inorganic material - H2S, CH4, H2 - as energy sources, provide animal with organic carbon for
growth
many types of marine animals rely on these microbes for ALL of their nutrition
animal tissues are filled with microbes or they house them on their surface
microbes are autotprhs - fix CO2 to organic C and provide to host
ACCURATE.
normal "flora" - traditional view - ✅✅MICROBES WE COULD FIND IN AND ON OUR
BODIES IN EVEN HEALTHY PEOPLE
FLORA REALLY MEANS PLANTS
normal flora were commensals
commensals - traditional view - ✅✅get benefits from living on us but we as humans dont get
anything from them; not doing anything for us
normal flora and commensal relationship - ✅✅normal "flora" ----> commensals
pathogens - traditional view - ✅✅cause disease
pathogen and disease relationship - ✅✅pathogens ----> disease
what does disease mean? - traditional and modern view - ✅✅damage to host cells and
tissues
modern view of microbes and humans - KNOW ARROWS OF RELATIONSHIPS -
✅✅LECTURE 3-15 Slide 3
normal microbiota (all microbes that live in and on us)
mutualists (doing good things for us - need them for optimal health; provide benefits)
commensals (just hanging out there)
pathogens (comensal pathogens - some normal microbiotia can cuase disease- commensals
can be pathogens)
,dysbiosis (can lead to disease - need to maintain optimal level of normal microbiota compostion
of could cause disease)
what are humans colonized by microbes for? - ✅✅life - the normal microbiota
why are normal microbiota hard to study? - ✅✅because we all have them
normal microbiota questions:
are they commensals or mutualists?
are they residents or transients?
what happens when the normal relationship is disrupted? - ✅✅WE DONT KNOW THE
ANSWERS TO THESE QUESTIONS
transients - ✅✅short time but dont have permanent address on our bodies and make not be
impacting us too much
what were normal microbiota initially called? - ✅✅normal flora
what happens when the normal relationship is disrupted? - possible explanation -
✅✅dysbiosis - could be a explanation for certain disease that have came up in the U.S.
what is the human microbiome project? - ✅✅normal microobiota and all their genomic
capabity - their function role/what theyre capable of doing; genomes of ALL the microbiota
NIH study to determine basic information about normal microbiota
what microbes are commonly found in healthy humans?
how do they vary across a lifetime and between people?
what is their role in health and disease?
what does the normal microbiota contain? - ✅✅MANY BACTERIA
,55 different phyla of bacteria are known
only 4-6 are predominate in humans (found on human body - selective environment; they are
very abundant on humans)
firmicutes and actinobacteria - ✅✅bacteria contained from normal microbiota
gram-positive
bacteroidetes and proteobacteria - ✅✅bacteria contained from normal microbiota
gram-negative
what are other members of the microbiota besides bacteria? - ✅✅archaea (few species of
methanogens)
fungi (colonize skin and oral tract)
protists (GI tract)
animals (worms and mites)
viruses: human virome - even healthy people have viruses cirulating through their body at times
how do we acquire our microbiota? - ✅✅initial colonization during birth - during birthing
process; almost immediately colonized with microorganisms
ecological succession over time until mature community at adulthood - start to develop stable
health community that will occur after puberty
autotrophs provide what to their animal? - ✅✅carbon source to animal hosts
heterotrophs provide what to their animal? - ✅✅degrade plant materials for their host to eat
what do microbes use biosynthetic capacity for? - ✅✅provide amino acids and vitamins to
animal hosts that love on an unbalanced diet
what do some microbes also do for their animal hosts? - ✅✅fix nitrogen
good for those who have an unbalanced diet - ex. termites who eat wood
, not limited to just carbon metabolism - micrboes can make amino acids and other food sources
what do microbes produce for their animal hosts? - ✅✅antibiotics that protect their hosts from
infectious disease
ex. ants coated in microorangisms that keep fungal healthy - carry around their own antibiotic
producing microbes
ex. ants bring leaves to their fungi to degrade it and then the ants eat the fungi
what do microbes affect on their animal? - ✅✅behavior, fertility, appearance
what is an example of a chemoautotrophic microbe that some animals depend on? -
✅✅metabolic interactions - microbes good and animals bad metablic capabilities
hydrothermal vents and other marine environments release inorganic chemicals suitable for
microbial growth such as H2S and H2 - use these as electron donors for lithotrophs
ocean floor, pitch black, no light and no energy to be gained from phototrophy - vent fluids are
rich in reduced inorganic minerals
microbes can survive in these environments - lead to a series of animals that depend on these
microbes for their growth (ex. tube worms)
what is chemoautotrophic symbiosis? - ✅✅chemoautotrophs fix carbon dioxide and use
inorganic material - H2S, CH4, H2 - as energy sources, provide animal with organic carbon for
growth
many types of marine animals rely on these microbes for ALL of their nutrition
animal tissues are filled with microbes or they house them on their surface
microbes are autotprhs - fix CO2 to organic C and provide to host
