INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY 2025 STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED
A+.
⫸ Antiprotozoan drugs. Answer: Drugs targeting protozoan parasites, affecting DNA replication
or metabolic pathways.
⫸ Antihelminth drugs. Answer: Drugs targeting parasitic worms, interfering with their
metabolic processes or structural integrity.
⫸ Antiviral drugs. Answer: Drugs that inhibit viral replication by targeting specific viral
proteins or enzymes.
⫸ Mechanisms of drug resistance. Answer: Ways in which microorganisms evolve to resist
antimicrobial drugs, such as through gene mutation or horizontal gene transfer.
⫸ Disease. Answer: A condition where normal bodily functions are disrupted by pathogens or
other causes.
⫸ Signs and symptoms of disease. Answer: Observable effects of a disease (signs) and patient-
reported experiences (symptoms).
⫸ Periods of disease. Answer: Stages in the progression of a disease: incubation, prodromal,
illness, decline, and convalescence.
⫸ Pathogenicity and Virulence. Answer: The ability of a pathogen to cause disease
(pathogenicity) and the degree of damage caused (virulence).
⫸ Types of virulence factors. Answer: Molecules produced by pathogens contributing to their
ability to cause disease, such as toxins or enzymes.
⫸ Field of epidemiology. Answer: The study of how diseases spread and can be controlled in
populations.
, ⫸ Types of disease transmission. Answer: Various ways diseases can be transmitted, including
direct contact, airborne, vector-borne, and fomite.
⫸ CDC. Answer: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the national public health institute
in the United States.
⫸ WHO. Answer: World Health Organization, an international public health agency.
⫸ Healthcare-Associated Infections. Answer: Infections acquired in healthcare settings, often
resistant to antibiotics.
⫸ Types of innate defenses. Answer: Non-specific defense mechanisms, such as physical
barriers (skin), chemical barriers (stomach acid), and cellular defenses (phagocytes).
⫸ Diapedesis. Answer: The process by which white blood cells move out of blood vessels to the
site of infection.
⫸ Antifungal drugs. Answer: Drugs used to treat fungal infections, targeting cell membranes or
wall synthesis.
⫸ Pathogen Recognition. Answer: The ability of immune cells to recognize and respond to
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
⫸ Inflammation. Answer: A protective response to infection or injury, characterized by redness,
swelling, heat, and pain.
⫸ Fever. Answer: An increase in body temperature as part of the immune response to infection.
⫸ Adaptive immunity. Answer: Immune responses that are specific to particular pathogens and
have memory, providing long-lasting protection.
⫸ Humoral immunity. Answer: The aspect of immunity involving B cells and the production of
antibodies to neutralize pathogens.
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED
A+.
⫸ Antiprotozoan drugs. Answer: Drugs targeting protozoan parasites, affecting DNA replication
or metabolic pathways.
⫸ Antihelminth drugs. Answer: Drugs targeting parasitic worms, interfering with their
metabolic processes or structural integrity.
⫸ Antiviral drugs. Answer: Drugs that inhibit viral replication by targeting specific viral
proteins or enzymes.
⫸ Mechanisms of drug resistance. Answer: Ways in which microorganisms evolve to resist
antimicrobial drugs, such as through gene mutation or horizontal gene transfer.
⫸ Disease. Answer: A condition where normal bodily functions are disrupted by pathogens or
other causes.
⫸ Signs and symptoms of disease. Answer: Observable effects of a disease (signs) and patient-
reported experiences (symptoms).
⫸ Periods of disease. Answer: Stages in the progression of a disease: incubation, prodromal,
illness, decline, and convalescence.
⫸ Pathogenicity and Virulence. Answer: The ability of a pathogen to cause disease
(pathogenicity) and the degree of damage caused (virulence).
⫸ Types of virulence factors. Answer: Molecules produced by pathogens contributing to their
ability to cause disease, such as toxins or enzymes.
⫸ Field of epidemiology. Answer: The study of how diseases spread and can be controlled in
populations.
, ⫸ Types of disease transmission. Answer: Various ways diseases can be transmitted, including
direct contact, airborne, vector-borne, and fomite.
⫸ CDC. Answer: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the national public health institute
in the United States.
⫸ WHO. Answer: World Health Organization, an international public health agency.
⫸ Healthcare-Associated Infections. Answer: Infections acquired in healthcare settings, often
resistant to antibiotics.
⫸ Types of innate defenses. Answer: Non-specific defense mechanisms, such as physical
barriers (skin), chemical barriers (stomach acid), and cellular defenses (phagocytes).
⫸ Diapedesis. Answer: The process by which white blood cells move out of blood vessels to the
site of infection.
⫸ Antifungal drugs. Answer: Drugs used to treat fungal infections, targeting cell membranes or
wall synthesis.
⫸ Pathogen Recognition. Answer: The ability of immune cells to recognize and respond to
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
⫸ Inflammation. Answer: A protective response to infection or injury, characterized by redness,
swelling, heat, and pain.
⫸ Fever. Answer: An increase in body temperature as part of the immune response to infection.
⫸ Adaptive immunity. Answer: Immune responses that are specific to particular pathogens and
have memory, providing long-lasting protection.
⫸ Humoral immunity. Answer: The aspect of immunity involving B cells and the production of
antibodies to neutralize pathogens.
