Solution Manual For
Introductory Biology Laboratory Manual By McGraw Hill 2025 Release
Laboratory 1
Unit I The Cell
1. Scientific Method
2. Measuring with Metric
3. Microscopy
4. Chemical Composition of Cells
5. Cell Structure and Function
6. How Enzymes Function
7. Cellular Respiration
8. Photosynthesis
Unit II Genetics
9. Mitosis: Cellular Reproduction
10. Meiosis: Sexual Reproduction
11. Patterns of Inheritance
12. Human Genetics
13. DNA Biology and Technology
Unit III Evolution
14. Evidence of Evolution
15. Natural Selection
Unit IV Microbiology
16. Introduction to Microbiology
17. Bacteria and Protists
18. Fungi
Unit V Plant Evolution and Diversity
19. Nonvascular Plants and Seedless Vascular Plants
20. Seed Plants
21. Organization of Flowering Plants
22. Water Absorption and Transport in Plants
23. Control of Plant Growth and Responses
24. Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Unit VI Animal Evolution and Diversity
25. Essentials of Invertebrates
26. Invertebrates
27. Invertebrate Coelomates
28. The Vertebrates
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw Hill LLC.
,Unit VII Comparative Animal Biology
29. Animal Organization
30. Basic Mammalian Anatomy I
31. Chemical Aspects of Digestion
32. Basic Mammalian Anatomy II
33. Homeostasis
34. Nervous System and Senses
35. Musculoskeletal System I
36. Musculoskeletal System II
37. Development
Unit VIII Ecology
38. Effects of Pollution on Ecosystems
39. Sampling Ecosystems
Unit IX Human Biology
40. Scientific Method
41. Cell Structure and Function
42. Body Tissues
43. Organization of the Body
44. Cardiovascular System
45. Energy Requirements and Nutrition
46. Homeostasis
47. Nervous System and Nutrition
48. Reproduction and Development
49. Mitosis and Meiosis
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw Hill LLC.
,Laboratory 1 Scientific Method
MATERIALS AND PREPARATIONS
Instructions are grouped by procedure. Some materials may be used in more than one procedure.
Special Requirements
Living material. Live pillbugs, Armadillidium vulgare, for all sections of the lab.
Earthworm alternative. Refer to the section titled ―Earthworm Alternative‖ at the end of this
laboratory if you wish to use earthworms instead of pillbugs.
Fresh material. Substances for instructor to feed pillbugs and substances for students to test
pillbug behavior are listed in Section 1.4.
1.2 Observing a Pillbug
_____ pillbugs, Armadillidium vulgare, live (Carolina 14-3082)
_____ pen, white (or correction fluid, white) or taped tags
_____ magnifying lenses or stereomicroscopes
_____ small glass or plastic dishes, such as disposable petri dishes
_____ graduated cylinders or small beakers for observing pillbug movement
_____ rulers, metric, 30-cm plastic
_____ stopwatch
Live pillbugs. Obtain 50 pillbugs for a class of 20–35 or more students. Order pillbugs so that
they arrive as close as possible to the date they will be needed. Use one container of fresh
pillbugs for each lab.
Care and feeding of pillbugs: Follow the care and feeding instructions provided with the
pillbug order. Withdraw food 1–2 days prior to the experiment.
Use white correction fluid, different colors of nail polish, or tape tabs to number the
pillbugs for identification.
Collecting pillbugs. Pillbugs like moisture and will avoid sunlight. They can be found next to
brick buildings along the grass line, next to sidewalks, or under logs and planks of wood. They
are attracted to wet grass covered with a cardboard box or plastic tarp. Encourage students to
collect their own pillbugs and give them lab participation points. Collect pillbugs in the spring,
summer, and fall as they are hard to find in the winter.
Maintaining pillbugs in the lab. After collecting, pillbugs can be easily maintained in a
terrarium to keep a fresh supply all year long. They feed primarily on decaying organic matter;
they like moisture and avoid sunlight. They like carrots and cucumbers. Change the food daily to
prevent mold growth.
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw Hill LLC.
, 1.4 Performing the Experiment and Coming to a Conclusion
_____ pillbugs, Armadillidium vulgare, live (Carolina 14-3082)
_____ small beakers, 35-mm film cans, watch glasses, or small petri dishes for
distributing test substances
_____ petri dishes, preferably 150 mm (or else 100 mm) for testing the pillbugs
_____ small plastic bottle for spritzing
_____ distilled water
_____ cotton balls
Suggested test substances:
_____ flour
_____ cornstarch or brand flakes
_____ coffee creamer
_____ baking soda
_____ fine sand (control)
_____ milk
_____ orange juice or apple juice
_____ ketchup
_____ applesauce
_____ carbonated beverage
_____ water (control)
Do not use salt, vinegar, or honey, as these substances are harmful to pillbugs.
Plain water is used as a control for liquids. Fine sand is used as a control for powders.
Experimental design. These methods are recommended: For a dry substance, make a circle of
the test substance in a petri dish and put the pillbug in the center of the circle. For a liquid, put a
cotton ball soaked with the test substance in the pillbug’s path. Rinse pillbugs between testing
procedures by spritzing them with distilled water and then placing them on a paper towel to dry.
Cleanup. Cleanup is easier, and the experiment goes well if there is a limited number of test
substances and each student chooses only two dry and two liquid test substances. Substances can
be distributed to several stations in small beakers, 35-mm film cans, watch glasses, or small petri
dishes. Testing pillbugs in 150-mm petri dishes works well.
EXERCISE QUESTIONS
Prelab Questions
1.1 What is the purpose of this lab?
To help the student learn the basic steps of the scientific method.
1.2 What is the purpose of the scientific method?
The scientific method helps students learn how to conduct an experiment that will have
validity to the answers.
1.3 List the steps of the Scientific Method.
Make an observation—Formulating a hypothesis—Testing the hypothesis—Coming to a
conclusion.
1.4 Considering you will be testing how pillbugs move toward or away from particular
foods or repellents, how are the observations from this section important?
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw Hill LLC.
Introductory Biology Laboratory Manual By McGraw Hill 2025 Release
Laboratory 1
Unit I The Cell
1. Scientific Method
2. Measuring with Metric
3. Microscopy
4. Chemical Composition of Cells
5. Cell Structure and Function
6. How Enzymes Function
7. Cellular Respiration
8. Photosynthesis
Unit II Genetics
9. Mitosis: Cellular Reproduction
10. Meiosis: Sexual Reproduction
11. Patterns of Inheritance
12. Human Genetics
13. DNA Biology and Technology
Unit III Evolution
14. Evidence of Evolution
15. Natural Selection
Unit IV Microbiology
16. Introduction to Microbiology
17. Bacteria and Protists
18. Fungi
Unit V Plant Evolution and Diversity
19. Nonvascular Plants and Seedless Vascular Plants
20. Seed Plants
21. Organization of Flowering Plants
22. Water Absorption and Transport in Plants
23. Control of Plant Growth and Responses
24. Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Unit VI Animal Evolution and Diversity
25. Essentials of Invertebrates
26. Invertebrates
27. Invertebrate Coelomates
28. The Vertebrates
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw Hill LLC.
,Unit VII Comparative Animal Biology
29. Animal Organization
30. Basic Mammalian Anatomy I
31. Chemical Aspects of Digestion
32. Basic Mammalian Anatomy II
33. Homeostasis
34. Nervous System and Senses
35. Musculoskeletal System I
36. Musculoskeletal System II
37. Development
Unit VIII Ecology
38. Effects of Pollution on Ecosystems
39. Sampling Ecosystems
Unit IX Human Biology
40. Scientific Method
41. Cell Structure and Function
42. Body Tissues
43. Organization of the Body
44. Cardiovascular System
45. Energy Requirements and Nutrition
46. Homeostasis
47. Nervous System and Nutrition
48. Reproduction and Development
49. Mitosis and Meiosis
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw Hill LLC.
,Laboratory 1 Scientific Method
MATERIALS AND PREPARATIONS
Instructions are grouped by procedure. Some materials may be used in more than one procedure.
Special Requirements
Living material. Live pillbugs, Armadillidium vulgare, for all sections of the lab.
Earthworm alternative. Refer to the section titled ―Earthworm Alternative‖ at the end of this
laboratory if you wish to use earthworms instead of pillbugs.
Fresh material. Substances for instructor to feed pillbugs and substances for students to test
pillbug behavior are listed in Section 1.4.
1.2 Observing a Pillbug
_____ pillbugs, Armadillidium vulgare, live (Carolina 14-3082)
_____ pen, white (or correction fluid, white) or taped tags
_____ magnifying lenses or stereomicroscopes
_____ small glass or plastic dishes, such as disposable petri dishes
_____ graduated cylinders or small beakers for observing pillbug movement
_____ rulers, metric, 30-cm plastic
_____ stopwatch
Live pillbugs. Obtain 50 pillbugs for a class of 20–35 or more students. Order pillbugs so that
they arrive as close as possible to the date they will be needed. Use one container of fresh
pillbugs for each lab.
Care and feeding of pillbugs: Follow the care and feeding instructions provided with the
pillbug order. Withdraw food 1–2 days prior to the experiment.
Use white correction fluid, different colors of nail polish, or tape tabs to number the
pillbugs for identification.
Collecting pillbugs. Pillbugs like moisture and will avoid sunlight. They can be found next to
brick buildings along the grass line, next to sidewalks, or under logs and planks of wood. They
are attracted to wet grass covered with a cardboard box or plastic tarp. Encourage students to
collect their own pillbugs and give them lab participation points. Collect pillbugs in the spring,
summer, and fall as they are hard to find in the winter.
Maintaining pillbugs in the lab. After collecting, pillbugs can be easily maintained in a
terrarium to keep a fresh supply all year long. They feed primarily on decaying organic matter;
they like moisture and avoid sunlight. They like carrots and cucumbers. Change the food daily to
prevent mold growth.
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw Hill LLC.
, 1.4 Performing the Experiment and Coming to a Conclusion
_____ pillbugs, Armadillidium vulgare, live (Carolina 14-3082)
_____ small beakers, 35-mm film cans, watch glasses, or small petri dishes for
distributing test substances
_____ petri dishes, preferably 150 mm (or else 100 mm) for testing the pillbugs
_____ small plastic bottle for spritzing
_____ distilled water
_____ cotton balls
Suggested test substances:
_____ flour
_____ cornstarch or brand flakes
_____ coffee creamer
_____ baking soda
_____ fine sand (control)
_____ milk
_____ orange juice or apple juice
_____ ketchup
_____ applesauce
_____ carbonated beverage
_____ water (control)
Do not use salt, vinegar, or honey, as these substances are harmful to pillbugs.
Plain water is used as a control for liquids. Fine sand is used as a control for powders.
Experimental design. These methods are recommended: For a dry substance, make a circle of
the test substance in a petri dish and put the pillbug in the center of the circle. For a liquid, put a
cotton ball soaked with the test substance in the pillbug’s path. Rinse pillbugs between testing
procedures by spritzing them with distilled water and then placing them on a paper towel to dry.
Cleanup. Cleanup is easier, and the experiment goes well if there is a limited number of test
substances and each student chooses only two dry and two liquid test substances. Substances can
be distributed to several stations in small beakers, 35-mm film cans, watch glasses, or small petri
dishes. Testing pillbugs in 150-mm petri dishes works well.
EXERCISE QUESTIONS
Prelab Questions
1.1 What is the purpose of this lab?
To help the student learn the basic steps of the scientific method.
1.2 What is the purpose of the scientific method?
The scientific method helps students learn how to conduct an experiment that will have
validity to the answers.
1.3 List the steps of the Scientific Method.
Make an observation—Formulating a hypothesis—Testing the hypothesis—Coming to a
conclusion.
1.4 Considering you will be testing how pillbugs move toward or away from particular
foods or repellents, how are the observations from this section important?
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw Hill LLC.
