FMST 210 Final Exam Questions Grade
A+
What are basic emotions? What are their purpose? - ANSWERS-universal in all humans ex.
happiness, fear, anger, sadness, surprise
-3 elements: subjective feeling, physiological change, and overt behaviour
-Purpose is to promote survival ex. sadness in response to pain which attracts parents attention
or happiness in response to affection which fosters attachment
What are the elements of emotions? - ANSWERSsubjective feeling, physiological change, and
overt behaviour
What are self conscious (complex) emotions? - ANSWERS-feelings of success and failure to meet
expectations or standards
-appear at the end of age 2
-Ex. shame, embarrassment, guilt, envy, pride (ex. in relation to potty training)
-related to feelings about ourselves-- need to have and understanding of the self
How does culture contribute to the expression of emotions? - ANSWERS-different cultures
express many of the same emotions, but they differ in which emotional expression is
encouraged
-Ex. US preschoolers more likely to express anger during interpersonal conflicts.
Asian children who practice Buddhism rarely respond with anger because it goes against their
beliefs of kindness to all people
How does culture contribute to the events that trigger emotions? - ANSWERS-different cultures
differ in event stat trigger emotions, specifically complex emotions
,-Ex. North American elementary school children show pride for personal achievements.
Asian elementary school children are embarrassed by public displays of individual achievement,
but show pride when entire class is honoured
What is social referencing? Why is it important? - ANSWERS-using another persons emotions to
understand an uncertain situation
-it is important because it teaches a child how to react to many everyday events; it can also lead
to moving beyond reacting to another's emotions and lead to starting to understand the
meaning behind emotions
What is empathy? - ANSWERS-to take another person's emotional perspective
-valued more than sympathy
What are display rules? - ANSWERS-culturally specific standards for appropriate expressions in
settings or with people (sadness with family vs with strangers)
How does empathy develop? - ANSWERS-imitation/modelling (ex. newborn cries in another
baby cries)
-Age 2 and up: begin to empathize when others are upset and try to relieve unhappiness (ex.
hug their mother, ask others for help)
-Childhood and beyond: ability to empathize general life conditions (ex. people with
disadvantaged incomes)
What is emotional self regulation? - ANSWERS-strategies we use to adjust the intensity and
duration of emotional reactions
What strategies do children use to manage their emotions? - ANSWERS-regulate their own
emotions and rely less on others (ex. child afraid of a storm will not run to their parent, but
make their own plan. Might reassure themselves by saying 'im safe in the house, the storm
won't last long')
,-rely on mental strategies (ex. disappointment over a gift- saying maybe ill get the one I wanted
next year)
-match regulation strategy with particular setting = when faced with unavoidable emotional
situations children adjust to the situation (ex. dentist appointment)
How does self-regulation develop? - ANSWERS-Infancy: parents soothe the child (ex. half the
shoulder, rocking)
-6 months to 2 years: learn to self soothe with simple strategies (ex. thumb sucking, approach
or avoid things); around this time children start to use language as well (ex. "mommy scary")
-Early childhood: talk about their feelings and try to control them (ex. distract themselves, cover
their eyes); learn from caregivers actions and talking with them; caregivers positive and negative
expressions are important (ex. parents who rarely show positive emotions dismiss their child's
emotion
-Middle childhood: difference between feeling and expressing emotions; reflect on their
emotions internally
-Age 10: Problem centred coping (appraise situation, difficulty, and decide what to do), emotion
centred coping (about controlling distress when cant control outcome)
What is the difference between problem centred coping and emotion focused coping? -
ANSWERSProblem centred coping is about understanding the situation and the difficulty of the
situation, then deciding what to do, while emotion centred coping is about coping through
controlling distress when you cannot control the outcome
What is the definition of temperament? - ANSWERS-how we react and regulate ourselves
(biological)
-React: quickness and intensity of our emotion, attention, or physical action
-Regulation: how we display that reaction
-Important: as we learn to regulate emotions, temperament improves; organized approach to
the world
, What are Rothbart's 3 dimensions of temperament? How to do they work together? -
ANSWERS-they work together, not independently
-on a spectrum; you can be either high or low
1. Surgency/extraversion: the extent to which a child is generally happy, active, vocal, and
regularly seeks interesting stimulation
2. Negative affect: the extent to which a child is angry, fearful, shy, and not easily soothed
3. Effortful control: the extent to which a child can focus attention, not easily distracted, and can
inhibit responses
-Application to parents: accept child's temperament and adjust parenting
How stable is temperament from middle childhood to adulthood? - ANSWERS-temperament is
moderately stable (ex. shy at age 1, shy at age 12)
-not for certain; temperament is a predisposition (ex. shy at 1, social at 12)
-Biological: identical twins are more alike in temperament
-Environmental: interactions with parents, model positive emotions
What is the definition of attachment? Why is it important? - ANSWERS-it is an enduring social-
emotional relationship; strong emotional relationship with a responsive, caring person
-important because it promotes survival; attaching to a parent ensures food and care
-most visible when stressed, ill, or afraid
What are the 4 characteristics of attachment? - ANSWERS-Proximity seeking: maintaining
physical closeness (ex. touching their leg, sitting on lap)
-Separation distress: visible show distress when being separated (ex. crying, reaching for parent)
-Safe Haven: comfort and closeness (ex. wanting a hug for reassurance, being told they are
'okay')
-Secure Base: base of exploration, confidence, or 'imaginary net' (ex. going back and forth to
mom when playing in a new and unfamiliar room)
A+
What are basic emotions? What are their purpose? - ANSWERS-universal in all humans ex.
happiness, fear, anger, sadness, surprise
-3 elements: subjective feeling, physiological change, and overt behaviour
-Purpose is to promote survival ex. sadness in response to pain which attracts parents attention
or happiness in response to affection which fosters attachment
What are the elements of emotions? - ANSWERSsubjective feeling, physiological change, and
overt behaviour
What are self conscious (complex) emotions? - ANSWERS-feelings of success and failure to meet
expectations or standards
-appear at the end of age 2
-Ex. shame, embarrassment, guilt, envy, pride (ex. in relation to potty training)
-related to feelings about ourselves-- need to have and understanding of the self
How does culture contribute to the expression of emotions? - ANSWERS-different cultures
express many of the same emotions, but they differ in which emotional expression is
encouraged
-Ex. US preschoolers more likely to express anger during interpersonal conflicts.
Asian children who practice Buddhism rarely respond with anger because it goes against their
beliefs of kindness to all people
How does culture contribute to the events that trigger emotions? - ANSWERS-different cultures
differ in event stat trigger emotions, specifically complex emotions
,-Ex. North American elementary school children show pride for personal achievements.
Asian elementary school children are embarrassed by public displays of individual achievement,
but show pride when entire class is honoured
What is social referencing? Why is it important? - ANSWERS-using another persons emotions to
understand an uncertain situation
-it is important because it teaches a child how to react to many everyday events; it can also lead
to moving beyond reacting to another's emotions and lead to starting to understand the
meaning behind emotions
What is empathy? - ANSWERS-to take another person's emotional perspective
-valued more than sympathy
What are display rules? - ANSWERS-culturally specific standards for appropriate expressions in
settings or with people (sadness with family vs with strangers)
How does empathy develop? - ANSWERS-imitation/modelling (ex. newborn cries in another
baby cries)
-Age 2 and up: begin to empathize when others are upset and try to relieve unhappiness (ex.
hug their mother, ask others for help)
-Childhood and beyond: ability to empathize general life conditions (ex. people with
disadvantaged incomes)
What is emotional self regulation? - ANSWERS-strategies we use to adjust the intensity and
duration of emotional reactions
What strategies do children use to manage their emotions? - ANSWERS-regulate their own
emotions and rely less on others (ex. child afraid of a storm will not run to their parent, but
make their own plan. Might reassure themselves by saying 'im safe in the house, the storm
won't last long')
,-rely on mental strategies (ex. disappointment over a gift- saying maybe ill get the one I wanted
next year)
-match regulation strategy with particular setting = when faced with unavoidable emotional
situations children adjust to the situation (ex. dentist appointment)
How does self-regulation develop? - ANSWERS-Infancy: parents soothe the child (ex. half the
shoulder, rocking)
-6 months to 2 years: learn to self soothe with simple strategies (ex. thumb sucking, approach
or avoid things); around this time children start to use language as well (ex. "mommy scary")
-Early childhood: talk about their feelings and try to control them (ex. distract themselves, cover
their eyes); learn from caregivers actions and talking with them; caregivers positive and negative
expressions are important (ex. parents who rarely show positive emotions dismiss their child's
emotion
-Middle childhood: difference between feeling and expressing emotions; reflect on their
emotions internally
-Age 10: Problem centred coping (appraise situation, difficulty, and decide what to do), emotion
centred coping (about controlling distress when cant control outcome)
What is the difference between problem centred coping and emotion focused coping? -
ANSWERSProblem centred coping is about understanding the situation and the difficulty of the
situation, then deciding what to do, while emotion centred coping is about coping through
controlling distress when you cannot control the outcome
What is the definition of temperament? - ANSWERS-how we react and regulate ourselves
(biological)
-React: quickness and intensity of our emotion, attention, or physical action
-Regulation: how we display that reaction
-Important: as we learn to regulate emotions, temperament improves; organized approach to
the world
, What are Rothbart's 3 dimensions of temperament? How to do they work together? -
ANSWERS-they work together, not independently
-on a spectrum; you can be either high or low
1. Surgency/extraversion: the extent to which a child is generally happy, active, vocal, and
regularly seeks interesting stimulation
2. Negative affect: the extent to which a child is angry, fearful, shy, and not easily soothed
3. Effortful control: the extent to which a child can focus attention, not easily distracted, and can
inhibit responses
-Application to parents: accept child's temperament and adjust parenting
How stable is temperament from middle childhood to adulthood? - ANSWERS-temperament is
moderately stable (ex. shy at age 1, shy at age 12)
-not for certain; temperament is a predisposition (ex. shy at 1, social at 12)
-Biological: identical twins are more alike in temperament
-Environmental: interactions with parents, model positive emotions
What is the definition of attachment? Why is it important? - ANSWERS-it is an enduring social-
emotional relationship; strong emotional relationship with a responsive, caring person
-important because it promotes survival; attaching to a parent ensures food and care
-most visible when stressed, ill, or afraid
What are the 4 characteristics of attachment? - ANSWERS-Proximity seeking: maintaining
physical closeness (ex. touching their leg, sitting on lap)
-Separation distress: visible show distress when being separated (ex. crying, reaching for parent)
-Safe Haven: comfort and closeness (ex. wanting a hug for reassurance, being told they are
'okay')
-Secure Base: base of exploration, confidence, or 'imaginary net' (ex. going back and forth to
mom when playing in a new and unfamiliar room)
