Cell Biology summary

This university-level cell biology document provides a comprehensive and in-depth overview of cellular structure, function, and molecular processes. It begins with the foundational principles of cell theory and distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of organization, genetic material, and organelles. The document elaborates on the structure and function of the plasma membrane, describing the fluid mosaic model and various transport mechanisms including passive and active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis. It covers all major organelles in detail, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and the cytoskeleton, explaining their roles in maintaining cell function and homeostasis. The notes also explore the processes of gene expression, from DNA transcription to RNA processing and protein synthesis, highlighting post-translational modifications that regulate protein function. Cell signaling is thoroughly discussed, including types of cell communication (autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and juxtacrine), receptor-ligand interactions, and major signaling pathways involving second messengers like cAMP and calcium ions. The document explains the cell cycle in depth, including its regulation by checkpoints and the processes of mitosis and apoptosis. It also addresses cellular metabolism, covering glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and anaerobic fermentation. In addition, the extracellular matrix and cell adhesion mechanisms are outlined, with emphasis on integrins and various cell junctions. Advanced topics include cancer cell biology, focusing on oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and the hallmarks of cancer such as uncontrolled proliferation and resistance to cell death. The notes integrate modern techniques used in cell biology research, such as microscopy (light, fluorescence, confocal, electron), Western blotting, PCR, immunostaining, flow cytometry, and cell fractionation. Overall, the document serves as a detailed academic resource ideal for university courses in cell biology, biochemistry, or molecular biology, and is useful for both exam preparation and research foundations.