Bio 2301 (physiology) Exam 4 review
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and
CORRECT Answers
Endocrine Chemicals - CORRECT ANSWER - Made by the enteroendocrine cells of the
stomach and are secreted into the blood.
Ions/Electrolytes - CORRECT ANSWER - Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl- are all eliminated in the
urine.
1. Glomerulus - CORRECT ANSWER - a tuft of capillaries. Involved in filtration. Unique
in 2 ways.
vasa recta - CORRECT ANSWER - Special capillaries that run parallel to the loop of
Henle of some nephrons
Filtration - CORRECT ANSWER - Fluid and solutes leave the blood (of the glomerulus)
and enter into the renal tubule (at Bowman's Capsule). Nonspecific process. If its small enough
will be present in the filtrate.
creatinine - CORRECT ANSWER -
2. Reabsorption - CORRECT ANSWER - substances are taken out of the filtrate (at the
Proximal Convoluted Tubule) and put back into the blood (of the peritubular capillaries)
Secretion - CORRECT ANSWER - Substances (wastes) are taken out of the blood (in the
peritubular capillaries) and put into the filtrate and will come out in the urine.
,Glomerular Membrane - CORRECT ANSWER - Present in the cortex of the kidney.
Blood flow through them. Have fenestrated endothelium (has holes in it) fed and drained by
arterioles.
Arterioles - CORRECT ANSWER - High pressure vessels. Afferent arteriole (larger
diameter) bring high pressure to Glomerular Efferent arteriole pressure leaving Glomerular.
Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure (GHP) - CORRECT ANSWER - Main pressure pushing
for filtration. (GHP= BV x BP). it causes fluid and solutes to leave the blood of glomerulus and
enter into Bowmans capsule.
Creatinine - CORRECT ANSWER - Creatinine is filtered and not reabsorbed and it is only
minimally secreted so the clearance of creatinine is about equal to the GFR. Excreted by kidney.
Glomerular Osmotic Pressure (GOP) - CORRECT ANSWER - Opposes filtration and it is
due to the presence of plasma proteins in the glomerulus. It causes fluid and solutes to be pulled
back into the glomerulus.
Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP) - CORRECT ANSWER - Opposes filtration and it is
due to the presence of fluid and solutes in Bowman's capsule. It causes fluid and solutes to be
pushed out of Bowman's capsule to go back to the glomerulus.
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) - CORRECT ANSWER - volume of filtrate formed
every minute. It is directly related to the net filtration pressure. =125ml/min
Clearance - CORRECT ANSWER - measure of how quickly a substance is removed (or
"cleared") from your blood (done either by your kidneys or your liver). For substances handled
by the kidneys, it is determined by measuring the amount of that substance in your blood and
your urine over a 24 hour period.
Regulating GFR - CORRECT ANSWER - its VERY important that GFR=125 (normal).
Bellow=re-absorption more than your body needs. Over=getting rid of to much. The kidney
controls this by changing the diameter of the Afferent arteriole.
, 1. Blood Pressure - CORRECT ANSWER - The pressure of the blood as it flows through
the afferent arterioles.
Angiotensin II - CORRECT ANSWER - causes vasoconstriction (which increases BP) and
the release of aldosterone.
2. Tubular Osmolarity - CORRECT ANSWER - The osmolarity (or concentration) of the
filtrate as it flows through the distal convoluted tubules.
1. Increased BP or Increased Osmolarity - CORRECT ANSWER - GFR is high - then the
response is to constrict the afferent arteriole (to decrease blood volume in there and so get GFR
back down to normal).
2. Decreased BP or Decreased Osmolarity - CORRECT ANSWER - GFR is low - then the
response is to dilate the afferent arteriole (to increase the blood volume in there and so get GFR
back up to normal)
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAA System)- - CORRECT ANSWER - This
system works to fix a low systemic BP (this is better thought of separately than the renal
autoregulation mechanisms discussed above).
Renin - CORRECT ANSWER - Is produced by specialized cells of the afferent arteriole
(called juxtaglomerular (or JG) cells) and released when BP is low. It converts angiotensinogen
to angiotensin I (which then gets converted to angiotensin II by ACE).
REABSORPTION - CORRECT ANSWER - Movement of fluid and solutes from the
filtrate to the blood (the stuff is saved back to the blood). This is the second process in making
urine
• Aldosterone - CORRECT ANSWER - Causes Na+ and water reabsorption (saves Na+
and water) and so causes increased blood volume and thereby increases BP.
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and
CORRECT Answers
Endocrine Chemicals - CORRECT ANSWER - Made by the enteroendocrine cells of the
stomach and are secreted into the blood.
Ions/Electrolytes - CORRECT ANSWER - Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl- are all eliminated in the
urine.
1. Glomerulus - CORRECT ANSWER - a tuft of capillaries. Involved in filtration. Unique
in 2 ways.
vasa recta - CORRECT ANSWER - Special capillaries that run parallel to the loop of
Henle of some nephrons
Filtration - CORRECT ANSWER - Fluid and solutes leave the blood (of the glomerulus)
and enter into the renal tubule (at Bowman's Capsule). Nonspecific process. If its small enough
will be present in the filtrate.
creatinine - CORRECT ANSWER -
2. Reabsorption - CORRECT ANSWER - substances are taken out of the filtrate (at the
Proximal Convoluted Tubule) and put back into the blood (of the peritubular capillaries)
Secretion - CORRECT ANSWER - Substances (wastes) are taken out of the blood (in the
peritubular capillaries) and put into the filtrate and will come out in the urine.
,Glomerular Membrane - CORRECT ANSWER - Present in the cortex of the kidney.
Blood flow through them. Have fenestrated endothelium (has holes in it) fed and drained by
arterioles.
Arterioles - CORRECT ANSWER - High pressure vessels. Afferent arteriole (larger
diameter) bring high pressure to Glomerular Efferent arteriole pressure leaving Glomerular.
Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure (GHP) - CORRECT ANSWER - Main pressure pushing
for filtration. (GHP= BV x BP). it causes fluid and solutes to leave the blood of glomerulus and
enter into Bowmans capsule.
Creatinine - CORRECT ANSWER - Creatinine is filtered and not reabsorbed and it is only
minimally secreted so the clearance of creatinine is about equal to the GFR. Excreted by kidney.
Glomerular Osmotic Pressure (GOP) - CORRECT ANSWER - Opposes filtration and it is
due to the presence of plasma proteins in the glomerulus. It causes fluid and solutes to be pulled
back into the glomerulus.
Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP) - CORRECT ANSWER - Opposes filtration and it is
due to the presence of fluid and solutes in Bowman's capsule. It causes fluid and solutes to be
pushed out of Bowman's capsule to go back to the glomerulus.
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) - CORRECT ANSWER - volume of filtrate formed
every minute. It is directly related to the net filtration pressure. =125ml/min
Clearance - CORRECT ANSWER - measure of how quickly a substance is removed (or
"cleared") from your blood (done either by your kidneys or your liver). For substances handled
by the kidneys, it is determined by measuring the amount of that substance in your blood and
your urine over a 24 hour period.
Regulating GFR - CORRECT ANSWER - its VERY important that GFR=125 (normal).
Bellow=re-absorption more than your body needs. Over=getting rid of to much. The kidney
controls this by changing the diameter of the Afferent arteriole.
, 1. Blood Pressure - CORRECT ANSWER - The pressure of the blood as it flows through
the afferent arterioles.
Angiotensin II - CORRECT ANSWER - causes vasoconstriction (which increases BP) and
the release of aldosterone.
2. Tubular Osmolarity - CORRECT ANSWER - The osmolarity (or concentration) of the
filtrate as it flows through the distal convoluted tubules.
1. Increased BP or Increased Osmolarity - CORRECT ANSWER - GFR is high - then the
response is to constrict the afferent arteriole (to decrease blood volume in there and so get GFR
back down to normal).
2. Decreased BP or Decreased Osmolarity - CORRECT ANSWER - GFR is low - then the
response is to dilate the afferent arteriole (to increase the blood volume in there and so get GFR
back up to normal)
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAA System)- - CORRECT ANSWER - This
system works to fix a low systemic BP (this is better thought of separately than the renal
autoregulation mechanisms discussed above).
Renin - CORRECT ANSWER - Is produced by specialized cells of the afferent arteriole
(called juxtaglomerular (or JG) cells) and released when BP is low. It converts angiotensinogen
to angiotensin I (which then gets converted to angiotensin II by ACE).
REABSORPTION - CORRECT ANSWER - Movement of fluid and solutes from the
filtrate to the blood (the stuff is saved back to the blood). This is the second process in making
urine
• Aldosterone - CORRECT ANSWER - Causes Na+ and water reabsorption (saves Na+
and water) and so causes increased blood volume and thereby increases BP.
