ANTH 230 MIDTERM TEST QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Four Fields of Anthropology - ANSWER biological, cultural, linguistic,
archaeology
Handmaiden to colonialism - ANSWER In order to rule a people, one must
understand them
*anthropology was used as a tool to better understand people of other cultures
in order to colonize them
Positionality - ANSWER A person's uniquely situated social position, which
reflects his or her gender, nationality, political views, previous experiences, and
so on.
Reflexivity - ANSWER analyzing and critically considering our own role in,
and effect on, our research
Unilineal Cultural Evolution - ANSWER Idea that we all culturally evolve
along the same path
*largely argued against because all cultures must be understood within their
own context
Ethnography - ANSWER -"Deep Hanging Out"
-intense interpersonal interaction over a long period of time
Culture - ANSWER a system of knowledge, beliefs, patterns of behavior,
artifacts, and institutions that are created, learned, and shared by a group of
people
Four major attributes of culture - ANSWER 1. gender is learned and taught 2.
gender is symbolic and material 3. gender is contested 4. gender is culturally
shaped
, mental maps of reality - ANSWER cultural classifications of what kinds of
people and things exist, and the assignment of meaning to those classifications
-how we categorize the world around us
-how we assign meaning to those classifications
Ethnocentrism - ANSWER -evaluation of other cultures according to
preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.
Cultural relativity - ANSWER the need to consider the unique characteristics of
the culture in which behavior takes place
Sex/Gender/Sexuality - ANSWER SEX- male v. female (biological).
GENDER- a social construct that falls on a continuum/spectrum. SEXUALITY-
includes sexual orientation and desires.
5 markers of biological sex - ANSWER -chromosomes
-hormones
-inner genitalia
-outer genitalia
-secondary sex features
Role of chromosomal composition in shaping the body - ANSWER
chromosomes: XX-female vs. XY-male
-over 70 chromosomal combinations
-1-426
Klinefelter's syndrome: XXY or XXXY
Turner's syndrome: X
*chromosome and hormones encourage the development of primary and
secondary sex characteristics
Role of different hormones in shaping the body - ANSWER Glands secrete
combination of testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone
-2 essential washings of hormones: in-utero and puberty
-different combinations (more testosterone, less estrogen or vice versa):
different effects on the body
-variety of physically diverse body
*chromosome and hormones encourage the development of primary and
secondary sex characteristics
ANSWERS
Four Fields of Anthropology - ANSWER biological, cultural, linguistic,
archaeology
Handmaiden to colonialism - ANSWER In order to rule a people, one must
understand them
*anthropology was used as a tool to better understand people of other cultures
in order to colonize them
Positionality - ANSWER A person's uniquely situated social position, which
reflects his or her gender, nationality, political views, previous experiences, and
so on.
Reflexivity - ANSWER analyzing and critically considering our own role in,
and effect on, our research
Unilineal Cultural Evolution - ANSWER Idea that we all culturally evolve
along the same path
*largely argued against because all cultures must be understood within their
own context
Ethnography - ANSWER -"Deep Hanging Out"
-intense interpersonal interaction over a long period of time
Culture - ANSWER a system of knowledge, beliefs, patterns of behavior,
artifacts, and institutions that are created, learned, and shared by a group of
people
Four major attributes of culture - ANSWER 1. gender is learned and taught 2.
gender is symbolic and material 3. gender is contested 4. gender is culturally
shaped
, mental maps of reality - ANSWER cultural classifications of what kinds of
people and things exist, and the assignment of meaning to those classifications
-how we categorize the world around us
-how we assign meaning to those classifications
Ethnocentrism - ANSWER -evaluation of other cultures according to
preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.
Cultural relativity - ANSWER the need to consider the unique characteristics of
the culture in which behavior takes place
Sex/Gender/Sexuality - ANSWER SEX- male v. female (biological).
GENDER- a social construct that falls on a continuum/spectrum. SEXUALITY-
includes sexual orientation and desires.
5 markers of biological sex - ANSWER -chromosomes
-hormones
-inner genitalia
-outer genitalia
-secondary sex features
Role of chromosomal composition in shaping the body - ANSWER
chromosomes: XX-female vs. XY-male
-over 70 chromosomal combinations
-1-426
Klinefelter's syndrome: XXY or XXXY
Turner's syndrome: X
*chromosome and hormones encourage the development of primary and
secondary sex characteristics
Role of different hormones in shaping the body - ANSWER Glands secrete
combination of testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone
-2 essential washings of hormones: in-utero and puberty
-different combinations (more testosterone, less estrogen or vice versa):
different effects on the body
-variety of physically diverse body
*chromosome and hormones encourage the development of primary and
secondary sex characteristics
