ntro to organic chem
Generalformula algebraicformula that can beappliedtochemicalsin the
e g alkanes CnHantz L used to find molecular formula
of acompound
alkenes CnHan
alcohols CnH antiOH
molecularformula actual no of atoms in a molecule or element
e.gl ethene 246
empiricalformula simplestwholenumberratio of atoms in acompound
e g ethene Hz
structural formula arrangementatoms in a molecule without showing all the
onds
e g But an 1 01 CH3CHZCHZCHZOH
Skeletal formula show bonds of the carbon skeletononly Hydrogenand
arbon atoms not shown but functionalgroups are
e.gl but an 1 OL OH
Displayedformula showarrangementof atomsshowing all thebondsand atoms
z chloropropane
H
EIie
Homologous series
homologous series of a group ofcompounds have samefunctionalgroup and
eneral formula
successive members of same homologous series increasesby Cha
e g Methanol HzOH Ethanol CH3CHzOH Propanol CH CHICH2OH
Nomenclature namingmolecules
moleculesnamedaccording to names set downbyIUPAC globallanguageof Chem
steps
1 countlongestchainofcarbons to find stem name
1 meth 2 eth 3 prop 4 but Spent 6 hex
42 functionalgroup on moleculenormally tells endingof name suffix
3 no carbon chain sofunctionalgroup sits on lowest possibleno carbon
4 make note of carbon no that functionalgroup is attached to and
ace before suffix e g but an 1 ol
s anyside chains and lessimportantfunctionalgroups are written as prefixe
alphabetical order
6 if more than 1 identical functionalgroupor sidechain putdi 12 tri 13 or
etra ca
Mechanisms
show movement of e during a chemical reaction
use curly arrows to show this start from an area with e to where you are
oving them curly arrows notrequired for free radicalmechanisms
breakingof covalentbond shown bycurly arrow startingfrom bond
structural Isomers have same molecular formula but different structural
or mula 73types 1 chain2 positional3 Functionalgroup
Generalformula algebraicformula that can beappliedtochemicalsin the
e g alkanes CnHantz L used to find molecular formula
of acompound
alkenes CnHan
alcohols CnH antiOH
molecularformula actual no of atoms in a molecule or element
e.gl ethene 246
empiricalformula simplestwholenumberratio of atoms in acompound
e g ethene Hz
structural formula arrangementatoms in a molecule without showing all the
onds
e g But an 1 01 CH3CHZCHZCHZOH
Skeletal formula show bonds of the carbon skeletononly Hydrogenand
arbon atoms not shown but functionalgroups are
e.gl but an 1 OL OH
Displayedformula showarrangementof atomsshowing all thebondsand atoms
z chloropropane
H
EIie
Homologous series
homologous series of a group ofcompounds have samefunctionalgroup and
eneral formula
successive members of same homologous series increasesby Cha
e g Methanol HzOH Ethanol CH3CHzOH Propanol CH CHICH2OH
Nomenclature namingmolecules
moleculesnamedaccording to names set downbyIUPAC globallanguageof Chem
steps
1 countlongestchainofcarbons to find stem name
1 meth 2 eth 3 prop 4 but Spent 6 hex
42 functionalgroup on moleculenormally tells endingof name suffix
3 no carbon chain sofunctionalgroup sits on lowest possibleno carbon
4 make note of carbon no that functionalgroup is attached to and
ace before suffix e g but an 1 ol
s anyside chains and lessimportantfunctionalgroups are written as prefixe
alphabetical order
6 if more than 1 identical functionalgroupor sidechain putdi 12 tri 13 or
etra ca
Mechanisms
show movement of e during a chemical reaction
use curly arrows to show this start from an area with e to where you are
oving them curly arrows notrequired for free radicalmechanisms
breakingof covalentbond shown bycurly arrow startingfrom bond
structural Isomers have same molecular formula but different structural
or mula 73types 1 chain2 positional3 Functionalgroup
