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NSG 333 EXAM1 | Questions and Answers | 100%
Correct (Latest Update )
1. what is the most common stressor of disease: ATP deletion
2. what are the two phases of ATP production?: 1. Anaerobic (glycolysis)
Aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation)
3. how many ATP does glycolysis yield?: 2
4. How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation yield?: 36
5. in ATP depletion, what are the four critical points where ATP production
may be impaired?: 1. Hypoxia 2.
6. ischemia: reduced blood flow
7. Explain hypoxia in terms of ATP depletion: obstruction --> ischemia -->
decreased ATP production --> a) sodium/potassium ion pump fails, and b)
increased anaerobic glycolysis
,2
8. explain what happens when the Na-K-ATPase pump fails due to
decreased ATP production: normally, most sodium ions are outside the cell
and most potassium ions are inside the cell
when the pump fails, sodium freely enters the cell with H2O and calcium, and
potassium freely exits the cell
as a result, the cell swells and and protein synthesis stops
9. where does protein synthesis occur in a cell?: Rough ER with ribosomes
on the surface
10. explain what happens where there is an increase in glycolysis
due to decreased ATP production: glycogen is decreased, lactate is
increased, intracellular pH is decreased
decreased pH results in pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
11. define free radicals: unstable compounds with an unpaired electron
,2
12. why are free radicals bad?: they bind to the phospholipid bilayer of a cell
and drill holes in its membrane
13. what are reactive oxygen species?: highly reactive forms of oxygen typically
from the mitochondria
14. why are antioxidants important: protect cells from free radicals and ROS
15. are antioxidants increased or decreased in oxidative stress: decreased :
16. what are three diseases linked to oxygen-derived free radicals?:
Atherosclerosis
Cancer
Diabetes
17. define oxidative stress: Injury induced by free-radicals and ROS
18. two endogenous accumulations:
Lipids
Bilirubin
19. define reperfusion injury: when blood flow is restored to ischemic
tissues, additional damage can occur resulting in cell death
, 2
20. proposed reasons for reperfusion injury (5):
oxidative stress
nitrogen-based free radicals
increased intracellular calcium
inflammation
complement activation
21. explain oxidative stress as it relates to reperfusion injury:
reoxygenation generates ROS and nitrogen species, which damages
membrane proteins and phospholipids
22. what four ROS are generated in oxidative stress?:
Hydroxyl radical
superoxide radical ion
nitric oxide-derived peroxynitrite
hydrogen peroxide
NSG 333 EXAM1 | Questions and Answers | 100%
Correct (Latest Update )
1. what is the most common stressor of disease: ATP deletion
2. what are the two phases of ATP production?: 1. Anaerobic (glycolysis)
Aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation)
3. how many ATP does glycolysis yield?: 2
4. How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation yield?: 36
5. in ATP depletion, what are the four critical points where ATP production
may be impaired?: 1. Hypoxia 2.
6. ischemia: reduced blood flow
7. Explain hypoxia in terms of ATP depletion: obstruction --> ischemia -->
decreased ATP production --> a) sodium/potassium ion pump fails, and b)
increased anaerobic glycolysis
,2
8. explain what happens when the Na-K-ATPase pump fails due to
decreased ATP production: normally, most sodium ions are outside the cell
and most potassium ions are inside the cell
when the pump fails, sodium freely enters the cell with H2O and calcium, and
potassium freely exits the cell
as a result, the cell swells and and protein synthesis stops
9. where does protein synthesis occur in a cell?: Rough ER with ribosomes
on the surface
10. explain what happens where there is an increase in glycolysis
due to decreased ATP production: glycogen is decreased, lactate is
increased, intracellular pH is decreased
decreased pH results in pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
11. define free radicals: unstable compounds with an unpaired electron
,2
12. why are free radicals bad?: they bind to the phospholipid bilayer of a cell
and drill holes in its membrane
13. what are reactive oxygen species?: highly reactive forms of oxygen typically
from the mitochondria
14. why are antioxidants important: protect cells from free radicals and ROS
15. are antioxidants increased or decreased in oxidative stress: decreased :
16. what are three diseases linked to oxygen-derived free radicals?:
Atherosclerosis
Cancer
Diabetes
17. define oxidative stress: Injury induced by free-radicals and ROS
18. two endogenous accumulations:
Lipids
Bilirubin
19. define reperfusion injury: when blood flow is restored to ischemic
tissues, additional damage can occur resulting in cell death
, 2
20. proposed reasons for reperfusion injury (5):
oxidative stress
nitrogen-based free radicals
increased intracellular calcium
inflammation
complement activation
21. explain oxidative stress as it relates to reperfusion injury:
reoxygenation generates ROS and nitrogen species, which damages
membrane proteins and phospholipids
22. what four ROS are generated in oxidative stress?:
Hydroxyl radical
superoxide radical ion
nitric oxide-derived peroxynitrite
hydrogen peroxide
