TEST BANK For Porth's Pathophysiology Concepts of Altered Health
States 11th Edition by Tommie L. Norris, Verified Chapters 1 - 52,
,1. An 81-year-old male patient who has a diagnosis of orthostatic hypotension is
experiencing an episode of particularly low blood pressure. The man's body has
responded by increasing levels of angiotensin II in the bloodstream, a hormone that
decreases the glomerular filtration rate in the kidneys and contributes to an increase in
blood pressure. Which of the following phenomena best describes what has occurred?
A) Positive feedback
B) Adaptation
C) Negative feedback
D) Homeostasis
Ans: C
Feedback:
his regulation and attempt to normalize blood pressure are an example of a negative
feedback mechanism, in which physiological processes result in the maintenance of
homeostasis. This process of normalization is not an example of positive feedback, and
homeostasis is the goal rather than the process. This process involves adaptation, but
negative feedback is a more precise characterization of the process.
2. A 61-year-old woman with a 40-pack-a year history of cigarette smoking and a
diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is experiencing an increase
in arterial levels of CO2. This change has been detected in the client's medulla, aortic
bodies, and carotid bodies, stimulating the inspiratory center in the medulla oblongata,
which has in turn caused the diaphragm to contract more forcefully and increase the
respiratory rate. Which of theNfU
olR
loS
wIinNgGteTrm
B.
s bCeOs tMdes cri b es the role of the inspiratory
center?
A) Integrator/comparator
B) Sensor
C) Effector
D) Feedback system
Ans: A
Feedback:
An integrator/comparator sums and compares incoming data with a set point. In this
case, the inspiratory center has determined the need for increased respiration and
stimulated the effector (diaphragm) to respond. The sensor role is in the client's medulla,
aortic bodies, and carotid bodies. This overall process is an example of a feedback
system, but this does not characterize the particular role of the inspiratory center.
, TEST BANK FOR PORTH'S PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 10TH EDITION BY NORRIS
3. Which of the following physiological processes would be considered a positive
feedback mechanism?
A) The release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary gland
B) Shivering in response to low environmental temperature
C) The platelet aggregation mechanism for closing minute ruptures in very small
blood vessels during accidental injury
D) Increased production of white blood cells (WBCs) in response to a microorganism
Ans: C
Feedback:
The release of hormones during labor increases rather than mitigates a physiological
system. Specifically, uterine contraction stimulates the production of other relevant
hormones that cause temporary instability that culminates in childbirth. ADH counters
the potential instability of insufficient hydration and/or blood pressure, much as
shivering is an attempt to counter low temperature. Increased production of WBCs is a
response to the potential homeostatic instability of an infectious process.
4. An occupational health officer who works in the context of a large police force is
attempting to understand the role that stress may play in the health of his clients.
According to Selye, which of the following statements best captures an aspect of the
phenomenon of stress?
A) The alarm stage involves the release of cortisol and catecholamines.
B) The nature of a stress response is determined by the objective severity of the
stressor. NURSINGTB.COM
C) Systemic illnesses can sometimes result from the resistance stage of stress
response.
D) Periods of stress can be developmentally positive or negative.
Ans: D
Feedback:
Selye noted that stress can result in positive growth and development, and that stress is
not unanimously detrimental to health and development. The alarm stage is associated
with the release of cortisol and catecholamines, and a stress response is dependent on
properties of the stressor and the individual's conditioning; the severity is not
objectively determined. Illness is often a consequence of the exhaustion stage.
, TEST BANK FOR PORTH'S PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 10TH EDITION BY NORRIS
5. An 80-year-old woman is slated for total hip replacement the following day and is
experiencing a large amount of stress around her potential surgical outcomes. Which of
the following is most likely to be uninvolved in the physiological response to her stress?
A) Hypothalamus
B) Parathyroid
C) Adrenal cortex
D) Pituitary gland
Ans: B
Feedback:
The physiology of stress is associated with the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis.
The parathyroid is not noted to be centrally involved in stress response.
6. A 45-year-old woman with a diagnosis of shingles is experiencing an acute onset of
severe neuropathic pain. Which stage of Selye's characterization of stress response is the
woman most likely experiencing at the moment?
A) General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
B) Exhaustion
C) Alarm
D) Resistance
Ans: C
Feedback:
The stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, such as that during an episode of
pain, characterizes the alarm N
staUgRe.SRIeN
siG
stT
anBc.
eCanOdMexhaustion would likely follow, and
GAS encompasses the whole continuum, not just this particular stage.
7. When explaining to a patient admitted for stress-induced supraventricular tachycardia,
the nurse will incorporate which of the following statements about what happens in the
body as a result of excess stress?
A) The primary role of the parasympathetic nervous system is to stimulate the vagus
nerve.
B) The corticotropin-releasing factor stimulates the release of norepinephrine, which
is responsible for “fight-or-flight” reaction to stress.
C) Endorphins are released from the brain every time we experience stress.
D) The pituitary gland is ultimately responsible for growth, metabolism, and
maturation, all of which are important when the body is stressed.
Ans: B
Feedback:
Norepinephrine stimulates the secretion of CRF, and CRF stimulates the release of
norepinephrine.
States 11th Edition by Tommie L. Norris, Verified Chapters 1 - 52,
,1. An 81-year-old male patient who has a diagnosis of orthostatic hypotension is
experiencing an episode of particularly low blood pressure. The man's body has
responded by increasing levels of angiotensin II in the bloodstream, a hormone that
decreases the glomerular filtration rate in the kidneys and contributes to an increase in
blood pressure. Which of the following phenomena best describes what has occurred?
A) Positive feedback
B) Adaptation
C) Negative feedback
D) Homeostasis
Ans: C
Feedback:
his regulation and attempt to normalize blood pressure are an example of a negative
feedback mechanism, in which physiological processes result in the maintenance of
homeostasis. This process of normalization is not an example of positive feedback, and
homeostasis is the goal rather than the process. This process involves adaptation, but
negative feedback is a more precise characterization of the process.
2. A 61-year-old woman with a 40-pack-a year history of cigarette smoking and a
diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is experiencing an increase
in arterial levels of CO2. This change has been detected in the client's medulla, aortic
bodies, and carotid bodies, stimulating the inspiratory center in the medulla oblongata,
which has in turn caused the diaphragm to contract more forcefully and increase the
respiratory rate. Which of theNfU
olR
loS
wIinNgGteTrm
B.
s bCeOs tMdes cri b es the role of the inspiratory
center?
A) Integrator/comparator
B) Sensor
C) Effector
D) Feedback system
Ans: A
Feedback:
An integrator/comparator sums and compares incoming data with a set point. In this
case, the inspiratory center has determined the need for increased respiration and
stimulated the effector (diaphragm) to respond. The sensor role is in the client's medulla,
aortic bodies, and carotid bodies. This overall process is an example of a feedback
system, but this does not characterize the particular role of the inspiratory center.
, TEST BANK FOR PORTH'S PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 10TH EDITION BY NORRIS
3. Which of the following physiological processes would be considered a positive
feedback mechanism?
A) The release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary gland
B) Shivering in response to low environmental temperature
C) The platelet aggregation mechanism for closing minute ruptures in very small
blood vessels during accidental injury
D) Increased production of white blood cells (WBCs) in response to a microorganism
Ans: C
Feedback:
The release of hormones during labor increases rather than mitigates a physiological
system. Specifically, uterine contraction stimulates the production of other relevant
hormones that cause temporary instability that culminates in childbirth. ADH counters
the potential instability of insufficient hydration and/or blood pressure, much as
shivering is an attempt to counter low temperature. Increased production of WBCs is a
response to the potential homeostatic instability of an infectious process.
4. An occupational health officer who works in the context of a large police force is
attempting to understand the role that stress may play in the health of his clients.
According to Selye, which of the following statements best captures an aspect of the
phenomenon of stress?
A) The alarm stage involves the release of cortisol and catecholamines.
B) The nature of a stress response is determined by the objective severity of the
stressor. NURSINGTB.COM
C) Systemic illnesses can sometimes result from the resistance stage of stress
response.
D) Periods of stress can be developmentally positive or negative.
Ans: D
Feedback:
Selye noted that stress can result in positive growth and development, and that stress is
not unanimously detrimental to health and development. The alarm stage is associated
with the release of cortisol and catecholamines, and a stress response is dependent on
properties of the stressor and the individual's conditioning; the severity is not
objectively determined. Illness is often a consequence of the exhaustion stage.
, TEST BANK FOR PORTH'S PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 10TH EDITION BY NORRIS
5. An 80-year-old woman is slated for total hip replacement the following day and is
experiencing a large amount of stress around her potential surgical outcomes. Which of
the following is most likely to be uninvolved in the physiological response to her stress?
A) Hypothalamus
B) Parathyroid
C) Adrenal cortex
D) Pituitary gland
Ans: B
Feedback:
The physiology of stress is associated with the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis.
The parathyroid is not noted to be centrally involved in stress response.
6. A 45-year-old woman with a diagnosis of shingles is experiencing an acute onset of
severe neuropathic pain. Which stage of Selye's characterization of stress response is the
woman most likely experiencing at the moment?
A) General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
B) Exhaustion
C) Alarm
D) Resistance
Ans: C
Feedback:
The stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, such as that during an episode of
pain, characterizes the alarm N
staUgRe.SRIeN
siG
stT
anBc.
eCanOdMexhaustion would likely follow, and
GAS encompasses the whole continuum, not just this particular stage.
7. When explaining to a patient admitted for stress-induced supraventricular tachycardia,
the nurse will incorporate which of the following statements about what happens in the
body as a result of excess stress?
A) The primary role of the parasympathetic nervous system is to stimulate the vagus
nerve.
B) The corticotropin-releasing factor stimulates the release of norepinephrine, which
is responsible for “fight-or-flight” reaction to stress.
C) Endorphins are released from the brain every time we experience stress.
D) The pituitary gland is ultimately responsible for growth, metabolism, and
maturation, all of which are important when the body is stressed.
Ans: B
Feedback:
Norepinephrine stimulates the secretion of CRF, and CRF stimulates the release of
norepinephrine.
