NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHO UTA EXAM 1 PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH VERFIED ANSWERS

NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHO UTA EXAM 1 PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH VERFIED ANSWERS “The organelle that is involved in cellular respiration and is likes tot he development of oxidative stress is known as the - CORRECT ANSWER Mitochondria" "Cells develop into tissues with specialized structure and function through the process of - CORRECT ANSWER Differentiation" "Which type of hemoglobin is produced during sickle-cell crisis? - CORRECT ANSWER HbS" "Mitochondrial gene disorders are transmitted to - CORRECT ANSWER both daughters and sons" "Mitochondrial genes produce proteins involved in - CORRECT ANSWER energy metabolism" "What is a manifestation of Down Syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER Epicanthal eye folds" "Which prenatal test(s) diagnose Down Syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER Karyotype" "What ion is most closely related to water movement? - CORRECT ANSWER Sodium" "A pH of 7.5 is defined as - CORRECT ANSWER Alkalosis" "Which compartment contains the greatest amount of body water? - CORRECT ANSWER Intracellular" "Which of the following transport mechanisms is associated with movement of water across the semipermeable membrane? - CORRECT ANSWER Osmosis" "Which of the following is least likely to develop into a neoplasia? - CORRECT ANSWER cardiac myocyte" "carcinogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER the origin, promotion, or development of cancerous neoplasms" "oncogenes - CORRECT ANSWER genes that code for proteins involved in cell growth or regulation" "autosomal dominant - CORRECT ANSWER if one parent is heterozygous for the disorder the offspring has a 50% chance of inheriting it." "Reduction in size in cerebrum of brain - CORRECT ANSWER atrophy" "Cardiomyopathy - CORRECT ANSWER hypertrophy" "acromegaly - CORRECT ANSWER hyperplasia" "cervical change of one type of cell to another - CORRECT ANSWER metaplasia" "actual change in cell size and structure in cancer - CORRECT ANSWER dysplasia" "The organelle that is involved in cellular respiration and is linked to the development of oxidative stress is known as - CORRECT ANSWER mitochondria" "Cellular atrophy results in: - CORRECT ANSWER decrease in tissue volume due to decrease in cell size" "Cells develop into tissues with specialized structure and function through the process of - CORRECT ANSWER differentiation" "The cell's typical response to a decrease in trophic signal - CORRECT ANSWER atrophy" "The changes seen in cells adapting to stressors promote metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER change from one cell type to another" "Which of the following terms describes cells that are enlarged, with darkened nuclei and abnormal chromatin? - CORRECT ANSWER dysplastic" "edema - CORRECT ANSWER increased capillary hydrostatic pressure" "hyponatremia - CORRECT ANSWER from fluid retention" "pH of 7.29 - CORRECT ANSWER acidosis" "pH of 7.61 - CORRECT ANSWER alkalosis" "Renal - CORRECT ANSWER most efficient acid base compensation" "Respiratory - CORRECT ANSWER fastest acid base compensation" "Metabolic acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER a base deficit of HCO3-, decrease in pH" "Metabolic alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER excess of HCO3-, increased pH" "Hypertonic - CORRECT ANSWER solutions have a greater osmolality then the ICF" "Hypotonic - CORRECT ANSWER solutions have a lower osmolality than the ICF" "Isotonic - CORRECT ANSWER have the same osmolality as the ICF" "Intracellular - CORRECT ANSWER consists of fluid inside the cells, 2/3 of the body water and 40% of body weight" "Extracellular - CORRECT ANSWER contains the remaining 1/3 or 20%" "Hemorrhage - CORRECT ANSWER excessive bleeding" "manifestations - CORRECT ANSWER signs or symptoms" "risk - CORRECT ANSWER what could potentially cause this to happen" "Which of the following ions is most closely related to water movement? - CORRECT ANSWER sodium" "A pH of 7.5 is defined as - CORRECT ANSWER alkalosis" "Which compartment contains the greatest amount of body water - CORRECT ANSWER intracellular" "Which of the following transport mechanisms is associated with movement of water across a semipermeable membrane? - CORRECT ANSWER osmosis" "Which of the following conditions will most likely result in edema? - CORRECT ANSWER intravascular filtration pressure greater than interstitial filtration pressure" "Hypokalemia is often associated with which one of the following conditions? - CORRECT ANSWER metabolic alkalosis" "metabolic acidosis may be associated with - CORRECT ANSWER -increased chloride levels -increased metabolic acids -decreased bicarbonate" "ascites is the primary mechanism of body fluid imbalance in which of the following conditions? - CORRECT ANSWER cirrhosis" "hypokalemia is a hallmark of which one of the following conditions? - CORRECT ANSWER salt-losing tubuopathy" "hypotonic fluid loss may result in - CORRECT ANSWER hypernatremic dehydration" innate resistance - CORRECT ANSWER protection from pathogens that does not rely on previous exposure to the pathogen. Defenses we are born with." "First line of defense - CORRECT ANSWER intact skin, mucous membranes and their secretions, normal microbiota" "second line of defense - CORRECT ANSWER protective cells and fluids; inflammation and phagocytosis - nonspecific. Immediate. Calls in 3rd line" "third line of defense - CORRECT ANSWER Immunocyte Response. Acquired defense" "Antigen - CORRECT ANSWER a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies." "antibody - CORRECT ANSWER An antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune response." "passive acquired immunity - CORRECT ANSWER Transfer of antibodies (IgG) from the mother to the fetus in utero. Immediate, Powerful. Disease Specific. Short lived, temporary" "Sepsis - CORRECT ANSWER SIRS + infection" "Septic Shock - CORRECT ANSWER sepsis + uncontrollable decreased blood pressure" "Prostaglandins - CORRECT ANSWER Intensify histamine and kinin effect. Cell membrane, created via arachidonic pathway" "protective prostaglandins - CORRECT ANSWER PGs with protective characteristics" "Pro-inflammatory Prostaglandins - CORRECT ANSWER stimulate further inflammation by increasing vascular permeability Induce fever & Pain" "Steroids & NSAIDS with Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER Suppressing the protective PGs and pro inflammatory PGs" "allergic hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER Over response of the body to a specific substance. Environmental allergen" "IgE - CORRECT ANSWER Mast cell become sensitized to allergen antigen. Systemic or local Local-Hives, Rash, Redness Systemic- Itching, Urticaria, Angioedema" "autoimmune hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER Loss of the Immune System to Recognize Self. Self-Antigen Attack" "MS - CORRECT ANSWER T-Cells attack Myelin Sheath. Tissue Specific" "myasthenia gravis - CORRECT ANSWER autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles. Attack on acetylcholine receptors. Tissue Specific" "celiac disease - CORRECT ANSWER disease caused by sensitivity to gluten. Tissue Specific" "Tissue Specific Autoimmune - CORRECT ANSWER Good Pasture Dzs- lungs and kidneys Graves Dzs Hyperthyroidism Autoimmune hemolytic anemia" "Universal blood donor - CORRECT ANSWER O negative" "A+ blood type - CORRECT ANSWER Can receive A+, A-, O+, O-" "A- Blood type - CORRECT ANSWER can receive A- and O-" "B+ blood type - CORRECT ANSWER Can receive B+, B-, O+, O-" "B- Blood Type - CORRECT ANSWER B-, O-" "AB blood type - CORRECT ANSWER Can receive AB+, AB-, A+, A-, O+, O-, B-, B+ UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT" "O+ blood type - CORRECT ANSWER Can receive O+, O-" "O- blood type - CORRECT ANSWER O-" "immunodeficiency - CORRECT ANSWER immune system with decreased or compromised response to disease-causing organisms" "DiGeorge Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER congenital absence of the thymus gland" "HIV diagnosis - CORRECT ANSWER 1st ELISA, then Western blot" "AIDS diagnosis - CORRECT ANSWER < or = 200 CD4+, HIV positive w/ AIDS indicator condition (e.g., PCP) or CD4/CD8 ratio <1.5 Thrush, Pneumocystic, PCP, Karposi" "transmission-based precautions - CORRECT ANSWER measures taken to prevent the spread of diseases from people suspected to be infected or colonized with highly transmissible pathogens that require measures beyond standard precautions to interrupt transmission, specifically, airborne, droplet, and contact precautions" "Standard Precautions - CORRECT ANSWER A strict form of infection control that is based on the assumption that all blood and other body fluids are infectious. Hand washing Gloves Mask Gowns" "contact precautions - CORRECT ANSWER Methods of infection control that must be used for patients known or suspected to be infected with epidemiological microorganisms that can be transmitted by either direct or indirect contact. Exposure with body fluids Salmonella, Hep. B, HIV" "Droplet precautions - CORRECT ANSWER spiderman! sepsis, scarlet fever, streptococcal pharyngitis, parvovirus, pneumonia, pertussis, influenza, diptheria, epiglottitis, rubella, mumps, meningitis, mycoplasma or meningeal pneumonia, adeNovirus (Private room and mask)" "Anemia - CORRECT ANSWER a deficiency of red blood cells fatigue, weakness, SOB, due to alteration in 02 carrying capacity hypoxemia- hypoxia of tissue cells" "hypersplenism - CORRECT ANSWER condition in which the spleen removes blood components at an excessive rate. Splenomegaly" "Microcytic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER cells smaller than normal" "macrocytic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER A form of anemia characterized by large, immature red blood cells" "Normocytic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER normal size and appearance" "Polycythemia Vera (PV) - CORRECT ANSWER chronic, clonal alteration characterized by overproduction (excessive proliferation) of red blood cells in marrow accompanied by splenomegaly; neoplastic condition involving abnormal proliferation of bone marrow stem cells and self-destructive expansion of red cells; cause remain unknown (erythropoietin remains normal); due to increased blood volume and viscosity, hyper-coagulable states result in clogging and occluding blood vessels; tissue injury (ischemia) and death (infarction) is the result; manifestations include plethora (ruddy, red color) and engorgement of retinal and cerebral veins" "secondary polycythemia - CORRECT ANSWER from dehydration, emphysema, high altitude, or physical conditioning" "Frank Bleeding - CORRECT ANSWER Obvious bleeding Frequent & copious nose bleeding ecchymosis, petechiae, purpura" "Occult bleeding - CORRECT ANSWER hidden bleeding Slow GI bleeding" "Thrombocytopenia - CORRECT ANSWER a condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood" "vonWillebrand's Disease - CORRECT ANSWER defective platelet adhesion, most common hemorrhagic disorder" "thrombocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER an abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood" "thrombus - CORRECT ANSWER stationary blood clot" "embolus - CORRECT ANSWER A clot that breaks lose and travels through the bloodstream." "Malaria - CORRECT ANSWER Protozoa infects RBC's causing RBC's hemolysis and the release of acute phase reactants" "Rabies - CORRECT ANSWER vector borne viruses which cause dyspaghgia and brain inflammation in CNS" "Rubella (German Measles) - CORRECT ANSWER Virus causes mild fever and rash but has a teratogenic effect on fetus" "MRSA - CORRECT ANSWER normal skin bacteria that is now resistant to beta-lactam antibx. Nosocomial" "Viral Diarrhea - CORRECT ANSWER mild vomitting and watery diarrhea" "bacterial diarrhea - CORRECT ANSWER non-bloody diarrhea caused by E. coli contaminated beef. i.e Salmonella" "Influenze - CORRECT ANSWER URI that can be prevented with a yearly vaccine" "VRE (vancomycin-resistant enterococcus) - CORRECT ANSWER Normal bowel flora become resistant to vancomycin" "herpes zoster (shingles) - CORRECT ANSWER S & S include painful skin lesions that follow the path of the dermatome" "Variola - CORRECT ANSWER virus which causes fever and painful bustles in the mouth & esophagus that may hemorrhage" "Rubeola - CORRECT ANSWER Dense red maculopapular rash results from a virus that is transmitted by droplets from coughs and sneezes" "Giardiasis - CORRECT ANSWER protozoa that causes greasy, frothy, foul smelling diarrhea" "Resistant Strep Pneumonia - CORRECT ANSWER a bacteria, which causes middle ear infections, that is now resistant to penicillin antibiotics" "Varicella - CORRECT ANSWER S & S include fluid filled blisters that start out on the trunk and move outward. The blisters will appear and crust at different times." "Tetanus - CORRECT ANSWER Bacillus found in the soil that can releases an endotoxin called tetanospasm. AKA lockjaw" "Cellulitis - CORRECT ANSWER Breach in dermis infection" "antibiotic associated diarrhea - CORRECT ANSWER yellowish diarrhea caused from C-diff" "Mumps - CORRECT ANSWER Virus that invades parotid glands" "Pertussis - CORRECT ANSWER invades respiratory tract causing violent coughing" "Ameobic dysentery - CORRECT ANSWER bloody diarrhea caused by protozoa" "Bacillary (shigella) Dysentery - CORRECT ANSWER bloody diarrhea caused by a bacillus" "Botulism - CORRECT ANSWER S & S include descending, systemic muscle paralysis" "Diptheria - CORRECT ANSWER Bacteria that causes the formation of a pseudomembrane across tonsils & throat" "Strep Throat (Respiratory) - CORRECT ANSWER borne infection that may cause Scarlett fever" "Ebola - CORRECT ANSWER immediate isolation of the patient should occur, if found. Purpura & fever" "A cell's typical response to a decrease in trophic signal - CORRECT ANSWER Atrophy" "Cell death by necrosis is - CORRECT ANSWER often a response to inflammation" "You are caring for a female patient who has reported a noticeable decrease in breast size and muscle mass. Which condition and cause is the most likely explanation? - CORRECT ANSWER Menopause" "The changes seen in cells adapting to stressors that promote metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER can change from one cell to another" "Cellular atrophy results in - CORRECT ANSWER decrease in tissue volume due to a decrease in cell size" "Treatment of chronic conditions associated with cerebral atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER are targeted toward slowing neuronal injury and atrophy" "Which of the following hormones is secreted form the anterior pituitary: Somatostatin Growth Hormone GHRH IGH-1 - CORRECT ANSWER Growth hormone" "What is a diagnostic test for cervical dysplasia? - CORRECT ANSWER Cervical punch biopsy" "Which reactive oxygen species is scavenged by catalase? - CORRECT ANSWER Hydrogen peroxide" "What is the term to describe cells that are enlarged with darkened nuclei and abnormal chromatin? - CORRECT ANSWER Dysplastic" "A person's phenotype can best be described as - CORRECT ANSWER traits that are observable and apparent" "A person's genotype can best be described as - CORRECT ANSWER the genetic makeup of a person" "Which of the following conditions follows Mendelian pattern of recessive inheritance? Coronary artery disease Down Syndrome Marfan Syndrome Tay-Sachs disease - CORRECT ANSWER Tay-Sachs disease" "Which of the following follows a multifactorial pattern of inheritence? Coronary artery disease Down Syndrome Marfan Syndrome Tay-Sachs disease - CORRECT ANSWER Coronary artery disease" "Fortification of foods with folic acid has resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of - CORRECT ANSWER neural tube defects" "Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities can result in an inheritable form of trisomy? Nondisjunction during meiosis Balanced translocation Insertion Deletion - CORRECT ANSWER Balanced translocation" "What is the risk of a mother with the genetic mutation that causes Fragile-X syndrome passing the gene on to an offspring? - CORRECT ANSWER 50% of males affected" "Which chromosomal abnormality is incompatible with life? - CORRECT ANSWER Monosomy 21" "Affects females only - CORRECT ANSWER Turner syndrome" "The target of damage in Huntington's Disease - CORRECT ANSWER nerve tissue" "Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) is a screening test for which condition? - CORRECT ANSWER Spina Bifida" "A patient comes to the clinic concerned about a painless lymph node in the neck. A diagnosis of lymphoma is made. Which of the following would indicate the lymphoma was Hodgkin lymphoma? The location of the enlarged lymph nodes The presence of Reed-Sternberg cells Spread to the spleen, liver, and bone marrow The age of the patient - CORRECT ANSWER The presence of Reed-Sternberg cells" "Which of the following genes, when mutated, is NOT implicated in the development of neoplasms? Carcinogenesis Tumor suppressor genes Oncogenesis Mutator genes - CORRECT ANSWER Cancinogenes" "Which of the following cells is least likely to develop into a neoplasia? p53 gene Rb gene T21 gene - CORRECT ANSWER p53 gene" "Which of the following is a characteristic of benign neoplasms? Highly undifferentiated Invasive Destructive Cell Overproliferation - CORRECT ANSWER Cell overproliferation" "What is the most significant difference between acute lymphocytic and acute myelogenous leukemia? - CORRECT ANSWER Cell type affected" "Your grandfather has colon cancer but then it migrated to the liver. The affinity for movement to another specific organ is called - CORRECT ANSWER Tropism" "You are a public health official and want to make the greatest difference in reducing cancer deaths across the globe. Which intervention would have the greatest impact? - CORRECT ANSWER Smoking cessation programs" "What sign/symptom might indicate that you are experiencing a paraneoplastic syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER Edema" "What type of cancer would most likely spread through the process called seeding? - CORRECT ANSWER Ovarian" "Which of the following is an example of a strong acid? Albumin Inorganic phosphorus Sodium Lactate - CORRECT ANSWER Lactate" "Fluid loss in response to hypervolemia is promoted by - CORRECT ANSWER Inhibiting the secretion of aldosterone, promoting urinary sodium and water elimination" "Which one of the following conditions will most likely result in edema? - CORRECT ANSWER Intravascular filtration pressure greater than interstitial filtration pressure" "An example of an anion exchange - CORRECT ANSWER Bicarbonate and chloride exchange" "Hypokalemia is often associated with what condition? - CORRECT ANSWER Metabolic alkalosis" "Metabolic acidosis may be associated with - CORRECT ANSWER increased chloride levels increased metabolic acids decreased bicarbonate" "Ascites is the primary mechanism of body fluid imbalance in which condition? - CORRECT ANSWER Cirrhosis" "Hyperlactatemia due to drug treatment is a complication in which condition? - CORRECT ANSWER AIDS" "Hypokalemia is a hallmark of what condition - CORRECT ANSWER Salt-losing tubulopathy" "Hypotonic fluid loss may result in - CORRECT ANSWER Hypernatremic dehydration" "Cachexia - CORRECT ANSWER result of chemical mediators and energy use by cancer cells -a syndrome of unexplained weight loss and tissue wasting related to the stimulation of inflammatory mediators, along with excess energy use, by the proliferating neoplastic cells" "palliative - CORRECT ANSWER comfort care when a cure is not possible" "Benign - CORRECT ANSWER slow growing cancer with local s/s" "metastases - CORRECT ANSWER process that occurs when neoplasms are spread to distant sites often by the way of lymphatics or blood vessels -often the cause of death from cancer" "autonomy - CORRECT ANSWER the unregulated proliferation of the neoplasm" "anaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER the loss of cell proliferation and cell function -the greater the degree the more aggressive" "TNM classification system - CORRECT ANSWER T-tumor size N-node (lymph) involvement M-metastases~the extent" "How are tumor cells identified? - CORRECT ANSWER complete history and physical exam. imagine studies biopsy and cytology studies tumor markers blood, urine, tissue tests" "Manifestations of neoplasms - CORRECT ANSWER -systemic inflammatory and immune responses -increases metabolic rate induced by tumors -paraneoplastic syndromes -local effects of tumor obstruction on neighboring tissues" "Treatments for cancer - CORRECT ANSWER -surgery -chemo -radiation -biological response modifiers -hormones" "autosomal recessive - CORRECT ANSWER both parents have to have at least one copy of the mutated gene. the offspring doesn't have the disease, they are a carrier" "penetrance - CORRECT ANSWER how much of an impact it will have" "expressivity - CORRECT ANSWER how likely it will develop" "Hemophilia - CORRECT ANSWER -sex linked -father carries the gene, daughters will be carriers and sons will be unaffected -mother carries the gene, daughter has a 50% chance of being a carrier and son has a 50% of being affected" "atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER decrease in the size of a cell" "hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER is an increase in cell size -Outcomes can affect respiratory function, sleep apnea, pulmonary hypertension, or heart failure" "hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER is an increase in the number of cells -acromegaly" "metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER the changing of one cell type to another" "dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER the actual change in cell size, shape, uniformity, arrangement, and structure" "apoptosis - CORRECT ANSWER is programmed death that is prompted by a genetic signal" "necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER the disorderly process of cell death associated with inflammation or injury" "ischemia - CORRECT ANSWER a decreased oxygen supply to the cell" "hypoxia - CORRECT ANSWER cellular deprivation of oxygen -high altitude -outcomes would be increased red blood cells" "Cellular Death - CORRECT ANSWER Infection Physical Mechanical Thermal Endogenous Exogenous Deficit" "Infection - CORRECT ANSWER from bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi" "Mechanical - CORRECT ANSWER caused by impact of a body part causing direct injury" "Thermal - CORRECT ANSWER extreme temperatures" "Endogenous - CORRECT ANSWER toxins within the body -allergic reaction" "Exogenous - CORRECT ANSWER toxins from the external environment -alcohol" "Deficit - CORRECT ANSWER the cell is deprived of oxygenation, hydration, and nutrition" "Hyperkalemia - CORRECT ANSWER increased levels of potassium, more than 5 mEq/L -causes-incorrect usage of drugs, potassium from intracellular to extracellular, and renal failure result in-cardiac arrest, abdominal cramping, and flaccid paralysis" "Hypokalemia - CORRECT ANSWER decreased levels of potassium, less than 3.5 mEq/L -causes-diuretic use, vomiting, or diarrhea -result in dizziness, hypotension, cardia arrhythmias, weakness, and leg cramps" "Hypernatremia - CORRECT ANSWER increased levels of sodium, greater than 145 mEq/L -causes excessive intake and loss of body water -agitation, restlessness, decreased levels of consciousness -thirst, hypertension, tachycardia, edema, and weight gain" "hyponatremia - CORRECT ANSWER decreased levels of sodium, 135 mEq/L occurs thru -vomiting, diarrhea, and sweating -muscle twitches and weakness -nausea, lethargy, confusion, seizures, coma" "Hypovolemia - CORRECT ANSWER deficit of body fluid -causes-excessice fluid loss, reduction in fluid intake -thirst, weight loss, flattened neck veins, more the 3 seconds for capillaries to refill after blanching, decreased urine output, increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, altered level of consciousness" "Hypervolemia - CORRECT ANSWER an expansion of extracellular volume involving the interstitial or vascular space -causes-heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver, kidney failure, excessive fluid replacement -results in increased urinary sodium and water elimination, heart failure, pulmonary edema." "4 causes of edema - CORRECT ANSWER 1. increased capillary filtration pressure 2. decreased capillary osmotic pressure 3. increased capillary permeability 4. obstructed lymph flow" "Metabolic acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER -deficiency of bicarbonate -diarrhea, excessive chloride reabsorption in the kidney Manifestations- anorexia, nausea, vomiting, weakness, confusion, coma, and decreased heart rate LAB FINDINGS- pH less than 7.35 and HCO3- less than 24 mEq/l Compensation- increased breathing rate and depth, hyperkalemia, and increased ammonia in urine" "metabolic alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER excess bicarbonate -too much base -pH is to high -throwing up, diuretic use, steroid use, baking soda, -Manifestations- physical weakness, muscle cramping, hyperactive reflexes, tetany, confusion, convulsions Lab Findings- pH greater than 7.45 and HCO3- greater than 31" "Cirrhosis - CORRECT ANSWER the result of hepatitis and liver damage from alcohol exposure. Manifestations- abdominal discomfort, increased abdominal girth, increased weight, severe sodium retention, renal failure, dilutional hyponatremia" "Renal tubulopathy - CORRECT ANSWER " "dehydration - CORRECT ANSWER -negative fluid balance -cause- diarrhea most common, decreased fluid intake, increased fluid output, fluid shift -decreased level of consciousness -prolonged capillary refill -dry mucous membranes -decreased or absent tears -change in vital signs -weak pulse -decreased urine output" "mast cells - CORRECT ANSWER Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine) that promote inflammation." "Macrophages - CORRECT ANSWER Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream." "Neutrophils - CORRECT ANSWER Most abundant white blood cell., The most abundant type of white blood cell. Phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days." "Lymphocytes - CORRECT ANSWER The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances. Leak Inflammatory Mediators" "T and B cells - CORRECT ANSWER two types of lymphocytes" "Degranulation - CORRECT ANSWER the emptying of granules from the interior of a mast cell into the extracellular environment." "granulating tissue - CORRECT ANSWER pink, healthy, healing tissue" "Granuloma - CORRECT ANSWER a general term used to describe a small, knot-like swelling of granulation tissue in the epidermis" "inflammatory response - CORRECT ANSWER Vasodilation, phagocytosis, and increase in body temperature" "Exudates - CORRECT ANSWER fluid, cells, and other substances (pus) that filter from cells or capillaries ooze into lesions or areas of inflammation" "SIRS - CORRECT ANSWER systematic inflammatory response syndrome. Normal inflammation goes into overdrive. Hand symptoms Fever over 100.4 HR above 100 RR above 20 High WBC Unexplained Mental Changes" "systemic autoimmune diseases - CORRECT ANSWER SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) rheumatoid arthritis progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)" "Lupis (SLE) - CORRECT ANSWER Autoantibody + Nucleic Acid Immune Complex Infiltrates tiny blood vessels glomerulonephritis" "rheumatoid arthritis (RA) - CORRECT ANSWER chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial membrane. Autoantibody + Collagen immune complex" "Osteoarthritis (OA) - CORRECT ANSWER progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular surfaces. Age related" "alloimmune hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER antibody attack on another persons antigen Body doing its job Not a true hypersensitivity Seen in transplants and transfusions; compatibility issues" "blood transfusion reactions - CORRECT ANSWER 1. allergic: hives, pruritis, wheezing; antihistamines (allergy to plasma protein) 2. anaphylactic: similar but more sever; seen in IgA deficient people. Dyspnea, bronchospasm, hypotension, shock 3. acute hemolytic transfusion reaction: ABO mismatch; type II hypersensitivity. chills, difficulty breathing, chest pain (tachypnea, tachycardia, hemoglobinuria/jaundice)" "Airborne precautions - CORRECT ANSWER used for patients known or suspected to be infected with pathogens transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei. N95 Mask Chicken Pox, Tb" "True - CORRECT ANSWER Most specific Infectious Disease are categorized by portal of entry" "antibiotic resistance - CORRECT ANSWER Resistance evolving rapidly in many species of prokaryotes due to overuse of antibiotics, especially in agriculture. Beta Lactam" "MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) - CORRECT ANSWER an infection caused by specific bacteria that has become resistant to many antibiotics" "VRE (vancomycin-resistant enterococcus) - CORRECT ANSWER a strain of the bacterium enterococcus that is resistant to the powerful antibiotic vancomycin; infections occur when the bacteria enter the bloodstream, urinary tract, or surgical wounds. Nosocomial" "ID- Breach of Skin & Mucous Membrane - CORRECT ANSWER Cellulitis, Botulism, Tetanus, Rabies, Malaria, Ebola, Zika" "ID- Respiratory Tract - CORRECT ANSWER Strep throat, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Mumps, Measles; rubeola, rubella, Varicella, Variola, Zoster, Influenza" "ID- GI Tract - CORRECT ANSWER Shigella, Salmonella, Dysentery, giardiasis, antibiotic resistant diarrhea" "Leukemia - CORRECT ANSWER Blood condition of white cells; malignant (cancerous) condition. Uncontrolled proliferation of WBC (leukocytosis) Low RBC and Platelet (thrombocytopenia) Ease of infection Anemia" "lymphoma - CORRECT ANSWER a general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues. Hodgkin's lymphoma (lymphadenopathy) painless mass in lymph nodes lymphadenopathy-enlarged lymph nodes"