NUR 210 Principles of Pharmacology
Test Exam With Correct Verified Answers
Graded A+
selectivity
A "selective" drug binds to a primary and predictable site, creating one desired effect. A
"non-selective" drug can bind to many different and unpredictable receptor sites with
potential side effects.
stage 1: the interim between consciousness and sleep
when sleep is interrupted, what stage does the sleep cycle restart?
NREM sleep
encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep
insomnia
the inability to fall asleep
- affects 10-30% of Americans
- more common in female patients
- tx: sedative hypnotics
action of benzodiazepines
this class of medication is used to treat sleep disorders (insomnia) and anxiety
- interacts with neurotransmitter GABA to reduce neuron excitability
action of non benzodiazepines
this class of medications inhibits neurotransmitters and causes CNS depression
- the duration of action is 6-8 hours
- treats insomnia short term ( less than 10 days)
- older adults are given smaller doses
depression
tolerance
dependence
hypotension
adverse reactions of benzodiazepine drugs
contraindications
If a patient has respiratory depression or an allergy they should not take
benzodiazepines. Respiratory depression and a benzodiazepine allergy are
considered____________?
non pharmalogical measures first
avoid other CNS depressants, OTC sleep aids, and benzos
take at bedtime (sedative)
do not drive while medicated (sedative)
report feelings of hangover (not enough sleep)
what teaching is needed for patient's who take non benzodiazepine medications such
as Ambien?
general anesthesia
,involves the total loss of body sensation and consciousness induced by anesthetic
agents administered primarily by inhalation or intravenous injection
local anesthesia
causes the loss of sensation in a limited area by injecting an anesthetic solution near
that area
regional anesthesia
Temporary interruption of nerve conduction, is produced by injecting an anesthetic
solution near the nerves to be blocked
- such as an epidural
balanced anesthesia
use of several different types of drugs to achieve the quickest, most effective anesthesia
with the fewest adverse effects
- involves using less general anesthesia
- premedication with an opioid analgesic or benzo (versed/midazolam)
- with an anticholinergic (to prevent aspiration and dry secretions)
- a short acting barbituate
- an inhaled gas
- muscle relaxant
Midazolam (Versed)
Class: Benzodiazepine
Indications: the induction and maintenance of anesthesia or conscious sedation for
minor surgery or procedures
- patients are sedated and relaxed but responsive to commands
Adverse effects: respiratory and cardiovascular depression
Contraindications: cardiopulmonary disease
Nursing Considerations:
- assess level of sedation during and for 2-6 hours following
- monitor blood pressure, pulse, respirations during IV administration
- The antidote for overdose is flumazenil
spinal and epidural anesthesia
is administered into the cerebral fluid or epidural area of the spine that corresponds with
the area being treated
- commonly used for caesarian sections
- common side effect: headache
- adverse reactions: hypotension and respiratory distress
monitory safety
observe urine output
monitor vital signs
what are the nursing interventions for anesthetics
topical anesthetics
block sensation of pain by numbing the skin layers and mucous membranes
- benzocaine
- lidocaine
contraindications of non benzodiazepines
, if a patient has an allergy to benzodiazepines, respiratory depression, severe renal or
liver disease, a child, or an older adult, they should not take Ambien. The following are
contraindications of what medicaiton class?
lethargy
drowsiness
confusion (older adults)
memory impairment
side effects of benzodiazepines
drowsiness
lethargy
dizziness
memory impairment
side effects of non benzodiazepines
non pharmalogical sleep management
the following are classified as ______________ sleep management techniques
- arise at a specific time every morning
- limit day time naps
- avoid caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine 6hrs before bed
- avoid heavy meals, large amounts of fluids, loud noise, and strenuous exercise before
bed
- take warm baths
- drink warm milk
- decrease loud noises (listen to white noise or silence)
REM sleep
a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity
factors that affect absorption
the following are factors that affect which stage of pharmokinetics?
- blood circulation
- pain, stress, exercise
- food texture, fat content, temperature
- serum pH
- route of administration
- interactions with other drugs
3.5 - 5 g/dl
what is the normal range for albumin levels?
amount of protein
what do albumin levels indicate?
protein binding
the ability of certain drugs to bind to plasma protein
highly bound
these drugs attract a greater amount of protein
absorption
first pass metabolism
drug form (oral, IV, IM)
what factors affect bioavailability?
<100%
Test Exam With Correct Verified Answers
Graded A+
selectivity
A "selective" drug binds to a primary and predictable site, creating one desired effect. A
"non-selective" drug can bind to many different and unpredictable receptor sites with
potential side effects.
stage 1: the interim between consciousness and sleep
when sleep is interrupted, what stage does the sleep cycle restart?
NREM sleep
encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep
insomnia
the inability to fall asleep
- affects 10-30% of Americans
- more common in female patients
- tx: sedative hypnotics
action of benzodiazepines
this class of medication is used to treat sleep disorders (insomnia) and anxiety
- interacts with neurotransmitter GABA to reduce neuron excitability
action of non benzodiazepines
this class of medications inhibits neurotransmitters and causes CNS depression
- the duration of action is 6-8 hours
- treats insomnia short term ( less than 10 days)
- older adults are given smaller doses
depression
tolerance
dependence
hypotension
adverse reactions of benzodiazepine drugs
contraindications
If a patient has respiratory depression or an allergy they should not take
benzodiazepines. Respiratory depression and a benzodiazepine allergy are
considered____________?
non pharmalogical measures first
avoid other CNS depressants, OTC sleep aids, and benzos
take at bedtime (sedative)
do not drive while medicated (sedative)
report feelings of hangover (not enough sleep)
what teaching is needed for patient's who take non benzodiazepine medications such
as Ambien?
general anesthesia
,involves the total loss of body sensation and consciousness induced by anesthetic
agents administered primarily by inhalation or intravenous injection
local anesthesia
causes the loss of sensation in a limited area by injecting an anesthetic solution near
that area
regional anesthesia
Temporary interruption of nerve conduction, is produced by injecting an anesthetic
solution near the nerves to be blocked
- such as an epidural
balanced anesthesia
use of several different types of drugs to achieve the quickest, most effective anesthesia
with the fewest adverse effects
- involves using less general anesthesia
- premedication with an opioid analgesic or benzo (versed/midazolam)
- with an anticholinergic (to prevent aspiration and dry secretions)
- a short acting barbituate
- an inhaled gas
- muscle relaxant
Midazolam (Versed)
Class: Benzodiazepine
Indications: the induction and maintenance of anesthesia or conscious sedation for
minor surgery or procedures
- patients are sedated and relaxed but responsive to commands
Adverse effects: respiratory and cardiovascular depression
Contraindications: cardiopulmonary disease
Nursing Considerations:
- assess level of sedation during and for 2-6 hours following
- monitor blood pressure, pulse, respirations during IV administration
- The antidote for overdose is flumazenil
spinal and epidural anesthesia
is administered into the cerebral fluid or epidural area of the spine that corresponds with
the area being treated
- commonly used for caesarian sections
- common side effect: headache
- adverse reactions: hypotension and respiratory distress
monitory safety
observe urine output
monitor vital signs
what are the nursing interventions for anesthetics
topical anesthetics
block sensation of pain by numbing the skin layers and mucous membranes
- benzocaine
- lidocaine
contraindications of non benzodiazepines
, if a patient has an allergy to benzodiazepines, respiratory depression, severe renal or
liver disease, a child, or an older adult, they should not take Ambien. The following are
contraindications of what medicaiton class?
lethargy
drowsiness
confusion (older adults)
memory impairment
side effects of benzodiazepines
drowsiness
lethargy
dizziness
memory impairment
side effects of non benzodiazepines
non pharmalogical sleep management
the following are classified as ______________ sleep management techniques
- arise at a specific time every morning
- limit day time naps
- avoid caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine 6hrs before bed
- avoid heavy meals, large amounts of fluids, loud noise, and strenuous exercise before
bed
- take warm baths
- drink warm milk
- decrease loud noises (listen to white noise or silence)
REM sleep
a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity
factors that affect absorption
the following are factors that affect which stage of pharmokinetics?
- blood circulation
- pain, stress, exercise
- food texture, fat content, temperature
- serum pH
- route of administration
- interactions with other drugs
3.5 - 5 g/dl
what is the normal range for albumin levels?
amount of protein
what do albumin levels indicate?
protein binding
the ability of certain drugs to bind to plasma protein
highly bound
these drugs attract a greater amount of protein
absorption
first pass metabolism
drug form (oral, IV, IM)
what factors affect bioavailability?
<100%
