Materieel recht van de Europese Unie
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1. Wat is Materieel recht?......................................................................................................5
§ 1. Aanwezig in verschillende rechtsdomeinein....................................................................................5
Hoofdstuk 2. De interne markt: context..................................................................................................5
§ 1. Geschiedenis....................................................................................................................................5
Schumanverklaring van 9 mei 1950................................................................................................6
§ 2. Vrijhandel – concepten....................................................................................................................6
Stap 1: Vrijhandelszone..................................................................................................................6
Stap 2: Douane-unie.......................................................................................................................8
Stap 3: Interne markt......................................................................................................................8
Stap 4: Economische en Monetaire Unie (EMU) (art. 119 VWEU)................................................9
Stap x: …........................................................................................................................................9
§ 3. Belang..............................................................................................................................................9
Economisch....................................................................................................................................9
Geopolitiek...................................................................................................................................11
Juridisch........................................................................................................................................11
Maatschappelijk............................................................................................................................11
§ 4. Recap.............................................................................................................................................12
Hoofdstuk 3. Vrij verkeer van goederen...............................................................................................12
§ 1. Tarifaire belemmeringen................................................................................................................13
Stap 1: toepassingsgebied, Welke vrijheid (toepassingsvoorwaarden) en welk artikel?................13
Stap 2: Restrictie?.........................................................................................................................18
Stap 2: Restrictie...........................................................................................................................20
Stap 3: Rechtvaardiging................................................................................................................22
§ 2. Non-tarifaire belemmeringen.........................................................................................................24
Artikel 34 VWEU.........................................................................................................................24
Artikel 35 VWEU.........................................................................................................................35
§ 3. Vrij verkeer van goederen en harmonisatie....................................................................................36
Productspecifieke harmonisatie: chocolade..................................................................................36
Transversale harmonisatie: Oneerlijke B2C handelspraktijken (“UCPD”).................................37
Harmonisatie recap.......................................................................................................................38
Hoofdstuk 4. Vrijheid van vestiging en Vrijheid van diensten..............................................................39
§ 1. Concepten en toepassingsgebied....................................................................................................39
§ 2. wat is nu het verschil tussen vestiging en diensten? (stap 1b: welk artikel)...................................44
§ 3. Dienstenrichtlijn............................................................................................................................44
1
, Context.........................................................................................................................................44
Carve outs niet van toepassing op (art. 2):...................................................................................45
definities.......................................................................................................................................45
puur interne situaties?...................................................................................................................46
Vestigingen en vergunningen........................................................................................................47
Vestiging – andere eisen...............................................................................................................49
diensten – algemene bepaling.......................................................................................................50
Diensten – verboden bepalingen...................................................................................................50
diensten – verboden Eisen t.a.v. afnemer......................................................................................51
§ 4. Recap.............................................................................................................................................51
§ 5. Vrij verkeer van diensten & vrijheid van vestiging........................................................................51
Vestiging.......................................................................................................................................51
Analyse in drie stappen................................................................................................................52
Servitization: goederen vs. Diensten.............................................................................................53
Belemmeringen (stap 2)................................................................................................................53
Overzicht.....................................................................................................................................55
Rechtvaardigingsgronden uit het verdrag (stap 3)........................................................................55
Rechtvaardiging recap.................................................................................................................57
§ 6. Samengestelde diensten.................................................................................................................58
Dienstenrichtlijn v. andere harmonisatie.......................................................................................58
dienst van de informatiemaatschappij = richtlijn 2015/1535........................................................58
recap.............................................................................................................................................61
Hoofdstuk 5. Beroepskwalificaties.......................................................................................................61
§ 1. Rechtsbronnen...............................................................................................................................62
Secundair recht.............................................................................................................................64
§ 2. Richtlijn 2005/36/EG.....................................................................................................................65
uitgangspunt.................................................................................................................................65
toepassingsgebied.........................................................................................................................65
Gevolg..........................................................................................................................................65
Diensten........................................................................................................................................66
Vestiging.......................................................................................................................................66
Recap............................................................................................................................................67
§ 3. Vrij verkeer van advocaten............................................................................................................67
Richtlijn 77/249/EEG...................................................................................................................68
Recap............................................................................................................................................69
Hoofdstuk 6. Vrij verkeer van werknemers..........................................................................................69
§ 1. Context..........................................................................................................................................69
2
, Vrij verkeer van personen.............................................................................................................69
statistieken....................................................................................................................................70
§ 2. Rechtsbronnen...............................................................................................................................70
§ 3. Toepassingsgebied.........................................................................................................................71
Werknemer...................................................................................................................................71
Recap – ruime lezing werknemer..................................................................................................72
grensoverschrijdend element........................................................................................................73
Beperkingen in overheidsdienst....................................................................................................73
Niet enkel gedrag LS....................................................................................................................74
Voorwaarden VVW.......................................................................................................................75
§ 4. Verordening (EU) nr. 492/2011......................................................................................................75
toegang tot arbeid.........................................................................................................................75
Arbeidsvoorwaarden.....................................................................................................................76
Horizontale werking.....................................................................................................................76
algemene bepaling artikel 7 (2).....................................................................................................76
Recap............................................................................................................................................79
§ 5. Richtlijn 2014/54/EU.....................................................................................................................79
§ 6. Artikel 45 VWEU..........................................................................................................................79
Belemmeringen.............................................................................................................................80
Rechtvaardiging............................................................................................................................80
Rechtspraak..................................................................................................................................81
Niet discriminerende belemmeringen...........................................................................................82
Overzicht......................................................................................................................................82
Hoofdstuk 7. Burgerschap van de EU...................................................................................................83
§ 1. Context..........................................................................................................................................83
§ 2. Toepassingsgebied.........................................................................................................................83
Algemene voorwaarden................................................................................................................83
personeel toepassingsgebied.........................................................................................................83
Grensoverschrijdend element........................................................................................................84
Werknemers v. burgerschap..........................................................................................................86
§ 3. Burgerschapsrichtlijn – context en toepassingsgebied...................................................................86
Doel..............................................................................................................................................86
Compromis LS ↔ EU Burgerschap..............................................................................................86
Personeel toepassingsgebied.........................................................................................................86
grensoverschrijdend element........................................................................................................87
Recap............................................................................................................................................87
§ 4. Burgerschapsrichtlijn – verblijfsrechten........................................................................................87
3
, Verblijf van 0-3 maanden..............................................................................................................87
Verblijf van 3 maanden tot 5 jaar..................................................................................................88
Duurzaam verblijfsrecht...............................................................................................................89
Algemene beginselen....................................................................................................................90
§ 5. Burgerschapsrichtlijn – recap.........................................................................................................91
§ 6. Expansionistische lezing van de begindagen.................................................................................91
§ 7. Opwaardering voorwaarden Burgerschapsrichtlijn door het Hof..................................................93
§ 8. Aanpak: stappenplan.....................................................................................................................95
§ 9. Verdieping werkzoekenden............................................................................................................96
§ 10. Burgerschapsrichtlijn – externe gevallen.....................................................................................96
§ 11. Wanneer is het verdrag dan nog relevant?....................................................................................97
Problemen die niet onder de BRL vallen......................................................................................97
Personen die niet onder BurgerschapsRL vallen...........................................................................98
uitzonderlijke gevallen: verhouding unieburger – derdelander.....................................................99
recap derdelanders......................................................................................................................100
§ 12. Recap.........................................................................................................................................101
Hoofdstuk 8. Vrij verkeer van kapitaal en betalingen.........................................................................101
§ 1. (Historische) context....................................................................................................................102
vrij verkeer van kapitaal.............................................................................................................102
Vrij verkeer van betalingen.........................................................................................................104
Recap..........................................................................................................................................106
§ 2. Toepassingsgebied.......................................................................................................................106
§ 3. Restricties en rechtvaardiging......................................................................................................108
Directe discriminatie...................................................................................................................108
Indirecte discriminatie en/ of belemmering.................................................................................109
§ 4. Verhouding met andere vrijheden................................................................................................112
Privaatrecht.................................................................................................................................112
Kapitaal en vestiging...................................................................................................................112
kapitaal en diensten.....................................................................................................................113
§ 5. Recap...........................................................................................................................................113
4
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1. Wat is Materieel recht?......................................................................................................5
§ 1. Aanwezig in verschillende rechtsdomeinein....................................................................................5
Hoofdstuk 2. De interne markt: context..................................................................................................5
§ 1. Geschiedenis....................................................................................................................................5
Schumanverklaring van 9 mei 1950................................................................................................6
§ 2. Vrijhandel – concepten....................................................................................................................6
Stap 1: Vrijhandelszone..................................................................................................................6
Stap 2: Douane-unie.......................................................................................................................8
Stap 3: Interne markt......................................................................................................................8
Stap 4: Economische en Monetaire Unie (EMU) (art. 119 VWEU)................................................9
Stap x: …........................................................................................................................................9
§ 3. Belang..............................................................................................................................................9
Economisch....................................................................................................................................9
Geopolitiek...................................................................................................................................11
Juridisch........................................................................................................................................11
Maatschappelijk............................................................................................................................11
§ 4. Recap.............................................................................................................................................12
Hoofdstuk 3. Vrij verkeer van goederen...............................................................................................12
§ 1. Tarifaire belemmeringen................................................................................................................13
Stap 1: toepassingsgebied, Welke vrijheid (toepassingsvoorwaarden) en welk artikel?................13
Stap 2: Restrictie?.........................................................................................................................18
Stap 2: Restrictie...........................................................................................................................20
Stap 3: Rechtvaardiging................................................................................................................22
§ 2. Non-tarifaire belemmeringen.........................................................................................................24
Artikel 34 VWEU.........................................................................................................................24
Artikel 35 VWEU.........................................................................................................................35
§ 3. Vrij verkeer van goederen en harmonisatie....................................................................................36
Productspecifieke harmonisatie: chocolade..................................................................................36
Transversale harmonisatie: Oneerlijke B2C handelspraktijken (“UCPD”).................................37
Harmonisatie recap.......................................................................................................................38
Hoofdstuk 4. Vrijheid van vestiging en Vrijheid van diensten..............................................................39
§ 1. Concepten en toepassingsgebied....................................................................................................39
§ 2. wat is nu het verschil tussen vestiging en diensten? (stap 1b: welk artikel)...................................44
§ 3. Dienstenrichtlijn............................................................................................................................44
1
, Context.........................................................................................................................................44
Carve outs niet van toepassing op (art. 2):...................................................................................45
definities.......................................................................................................................................45
puur interne situaties?...................................................................................................................46
Vestigingen en vergunningen........................................................................................................47
Vestiging – andere eisen...............................................................................................................49
diensten – algemene bepaling.......................................................................................................50
Diensten – verboden bepalingen...................................................................................................50
diensten – verboden Eisen t.a.v. afnemer......................................................................................51
§ 4. Recap.............................................................................................................................................51
§ 5. Vrij verkeer van diensten & vrijheid van vestiging........................................................................51
Vestiging.......................................................................................................................................51
Analyse in drie stappen................................................................................................................52
Servitization: goederen vs. Diensten.............................................................................................53
Belemmeringen (stap 2)................................................................................................................53
Overzicht.....................................................................................................................................55
Rechtvaardigingsgronden uit het verdrag (stap 3)........................................................................55
Rechtvaardiging recap.................................................................................................................57
§ 6. Samengestelde diensten.................................................................................................................58
Dienstenrichtlijn v. andere harmonisatie.......................................................................................58
dienst van de informatiemaatschappij = richtlijn 2015/1535........................................................58
recap.............................................................................................................................................61
Hoofdstuk 5. Beroepskwalificaties.......................................................................................................61
§ 1. Rechtsbronnen...............................................................................................................................62
Secundair recht.............................................................................................................................64
§ 2. Richtlijn 2005/36/EG.....................................................................................................................65
uitgangspunt.................................................................................................................................65
toepassingsgebied.........................................................................................................................65
Gevolg..........................................................................................................................................65
Diensten........................................................................................................................................66
Vestiging.......................................................................................................................................66
Recap............................................................................................................................................67
§ 3. Vrij verkeer van advocaten............................................................................................................67
Richtlijn 77/249/EEG...................................................................................................................68
Recap............................................................................................................................................69
Hoofdstuk 6. Vrij verkeer van werknemers..........................................................................................69
§ 1. Context..........................................................................................................................................69
2
, Vrij verkeer van personen.............................................................................................................69
statistieken....................................................................................................................................70
§ 2. Rechtsbronnen...............................................................................................................................70
§ 3. Toepassingsgebied.........................................................................................................................71
Werknemer...................................................................................................................................71
Recap – ruime lezing werknemer..................................................................................................72
grensoverschrijdend element........................................................................................................73
Beperkingen in overheidsdienst....................................................................................................73
Niet enkel gedrag LS....................................................................................................................74
Voorwaarden VVW.......................................................................................................................75
§ 4. Verordening (EU) nr. 492/2011......................................................................................................75
toegang tot arbeid.........................................................................................................................75
Arbeidsvoorwaarden.....................................................................................................................76
Horizontale werking.....................................................................................................................76
algemene bepaling artikel 7 (2).....................................................................................................76
Recap............................................................................................................................................79
§ 5. Richtlijn 2014/54/EU.....................................................................................................................79
§ 6. Artikel 45 VWEU..........................................................................................................................79
Belemmeringen.............................................................................................................................80
Rechtvaardiging............................................................................................................................80
Rechtspraak..................................................................................................................................81
Niet discriminerende belemmeringen...........................................................................................82
Overzicht......................................................................................................................................82
Hoofdstuk 7. Burgerschap van de EU...................................................................................................83
§ 1. Context..........................................................................................................................................83
§ 2. Toepassingsgebied.........................................................................................................................83
Algemene voorwaarden................................................................................................................83
personeel toepassingsgebied.........................................................................................................83
Grensoverschrijdend element........................................................................................................84
Werknemers v. burgerschap..........................................................................................................86
§ 3. Burgerschapsrichtlijn – context en toepassingsgebied...................................................................86
Doel..............................................................................................................................................86
Compromis LS ↔ EU Burgerschap..............................................................................................86
Personeel toepassingsgebied.........................................................................................................86
grensoverschrijdend element........................................................................................................87
Recap............................................................................................................................................87
§ 4. Burgerschapsrichtlijn – verblijfsrechten........................................................................................87
3
, Verblijf van 0-3 maanden..............................................................................................................87
Verblijf van 3 maanden tot 5 jaar..................................................................................................88
Duurzaam verblijfsrecht...............................................................................................................89
Algemene beginselen....................................................................................................................90
§ 5. Burgerschapsrichtlijn – recap.........................................................................................................91
§ 6. Expansionistische lezing van de begindagen.................................................................................91
§ 7. Opwaardering voorwaarden Burgerschapsrichtlijn door het Hof..................................................93
§ 8. Aanpak: stappenplan.....................................................................................................................95
§ 9. Verdieping werkzoekenden............................................................................................................96
§ 10. Burgerschapsrichtlijn – externe gevallen.....................................................................................96
§ 11. Wanneer is het verdrag dan nog relevant?....................................................................................97
Problemen die niet onder de BRL vallen......................................................................................97
Personen die niet onder BurgerschapsRL vallen...........................................................................98
uitzonderlijke gevallen: verhouding unieburger – derdelander.....................................................99
recap derdelanders......................................................................................................................100
§ 12. Recap.........................................................................................................................................101
Hoofdstuk 8. Vrij verkeer van kapitaal en betalingen.........................................................................101
§ 1. (Historische) context....................................................................................................................102
vrij verkeer van kapitaal.............................................................................................................102
Vrij verkeer van betalingen.........................................................................................................104
Recap..........................................................................................................................................106
§ 2. Toepassingsgebied.......................................................................................................................106
§ 3. Restricties en rechtvaardiging......................................................................................................108
Directe discriminatie...................................................................................................................108
Indirecte discriminatie en/ of belemmering.................................................................................109
§ 4. Verhouding met andere vrijheden................................................................................................112
Privaatrecht.................................................................................................................................112
Kapitaal en vestiging...................................................................................................................112
kapitaal en diensten.....................................................................................................................113
§ 5. Recap...........................................................................................................................................113
4
