1. Which of the following factors is most likely to increase the
risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?
A. Frequent physical activity
B. Use of oral contraceptives
C. Low body weight
D. Dehydration
Answer: B) Use of oral contraceptives
Rationale: Oral contraceptives can increase clotting factor
production, which elevates the risk of DVT.
2. What is the main cause of type 2 diabetes?
A. Insulin resistance
B. Insulin deficiency
C. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
D. Excessive glucagon secretion
Answer: A) Insulin resistance
Rationale: Type 2 diabetes is primarily caused by insulin
resistance, where the body’s cells do not respond effectively to
insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels.
3. A patient has been diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB). Which of
the following is the most common symptom?
A. Night sweats
B. Joint pain
C. Hematuria
D. Abdominal pain
Answer: A) Night sweats
Rationale: Night sweats are a classic symptom of tuberculosis,
along with cough and weight loss.
4. What is the most common cause of peptic ulcers?
,A. Stress
B. Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
C. Helicobacter pylori infection
D. Excessive alcohol consumption
Answer: C) Helicobacter pylori infection
Rationale: H. pylori infection is the leading cause of peptic ulcers
due to its ability to disrupt the mucosal lining of the stomach.
5. What is the primary cause of osteoarthritis?
A. Autoimmune reaction
B. Wear and tear on the joints
C. Bacterial infection
D. Vitamin D deficiency
Answer: B) Wear and tear on the joints
Rationale: Osteoarthritis is primarily caused by the degeneration
of cartilage due to repetitive use or aging, leading to joint pain
and stiffness.
6. A patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is most at risk for
which of the following electrolyte imbalances?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hypocalcemia
Answer: A) Hyperkalemia
Rationale: In CKD, the kidneys are unable to excrete potassium
effectively, leading to the accumulation of potassium in the blood,
resulting in hyperkalemia.
7. In which of the following conditions would you expect an
increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)?
A. Acute inflammation
B. Dehydration
, C. Iron deficiency anemia
D. Chronic hypertension
Answer: A) Acute inflammation
Rationale: ESR is an indicator of inflammation. It increases during
acute inflammatory processes, such as infections, autoimmune
diseases, and other inflammatory conditions.
8. A patient presents with fever, jaundice, and dark urine. Which
condition might this indicate?
A. Hepatitis
B. Gallstones
C. Pancreatitis
D. Cirrhosis
Answer: A) Hepatitis
Rationale: Hepatitis can lead to liver inflammation, resulting in
jaundice (yellowing of the skin), dark urine, and fever.
9. What is the primary cause of hypercapnia in patients with
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
A. Increased carbon dioxide production
B. Airway obstruction
C. Pulmonary fibrosis
D. Decreased tidal volume
Answer: B) Airway obstruction
Rationale: In COPD, airway obstruction leads to difficulty in
exhaling CO2, resulting in the accumulation of carbon dioxide in
the bloodstream (hypercapnia).
10. A patient with COPD has developed a barrel chest. What does
this physical finding indicate?
A. Emphysema
B. Pneumonia
C. Asthma
risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?
A. Frequent physical activity
B. Use of oral contraceptives
C. Low body weight
D. Dehydration
Answer: B) Use of oral contraceptives
Rationale: Oral contraceptives can increase clotting factor
production, which elevates the risk of DVT.
2. What is the main cause of type 2 diabetes?
A. Insulin resistance
B. Insulin deficiency
C. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
D. Excessive glucagon secretion
Answer: A) Insulin resistance
Rationale: Type 2 diabetes is primarily caused by insulin
resistance, where the body’s cells do not respond effectively to
insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels.
3. A patient has been diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB). Which of
the following is the most common symptom?
A. Night sweats
B. Joint pain
C. Hematuria
D. Abdominal pain
Answer: A) Night sweats
Rationale: Night sweats are a classic symptom of tuberculosis,
along with cough and weight loss.
4. What is the most common cause of peptic ulcers?
,A. Stress
B. Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
C. Helicobacter pylori infection
D. Excessive alcohol consumption
Answer: C) Helicobacter pylori infection
Rationale: H. pylori infection is the leading cause of peptic ulcers
due to its ability to disrupt the mucosal lining of the stomach.
5. What is the primary cause of osteoarthritis?
A. Autoimmune reaction
B. Wear and tear on the joints
C. Bacterial infection
D. Vitamin D deficiency
Answer: B) Wear and tear on the joints
Rationale: Osteoarthritis is primarily caused by the degeneration
of cartilage due to repetitive use or aging, leading to joint pain
and stiffness.
6. A patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is most at risk for
which of the following electrolyte imbalances?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hypocalcemia
Answer: A) Hyperkalemia
Rationale: In CKD, the kidneys are unable to excrete potassium
effectively, leading to the accumulation of potassium in the blood,
resulting in hyperkalemia.
7. In which of the following conditions would you expect an
increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)?
A. Acute inflammation
B. Dehydration
, C. Iron deficiency anemia
D. Chronic hypertension
Answer: A) Acute inflammation
Rationale: ESR is an indicator of inflammation. It increases during
acute inflammatory processes, such as infections, autoimmune
diseases, and other inflammatory conditions.
8. A patient presents with fever, jaundice, and dark urine. Which
condition might this indicate?
A. Hepatitis
B. Gallstones
C. Pancreatitis
D. Cirrhosis
Answer: A) Hepatitis
Rationale: Hepatitis can lead to liver inflammation, resulting in
jaundice (yellowing of the skin), dark urine, and fever.
9. What is the primary cause of hypercapnia in patients with
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
A. Increased carbon dioxide production
B. Airway obstruction
C. Pulmonary fibrosis
D. Decreased tidal volume
Answer: B) Airway obstruction
Rationale: In COPD, airway obstruction leads to difficulty in
exhaling CO2, resulting in the accumulation of carbon dioxide in
the bloodstream (hypercapnia).
10. A patient with COPD has developed a barrel chest. What does
this physical finding indicate?
A. Emphysema
B. Pneumonia
C. Asthma
