Introduction to Philosophy:
Straighterline.com Final
"I don't agree with Jones when she says we should wait for a trial, and I'll tell you why. I don't
approve of letting someone get away with murder! That's why I say let's hang him now!" What
fallacy does this most clearly illustrate? - ANS-Straw man
\2 Basic questions of metaphysics - ANS-What is being? and What are its fundamental features
and properties?
\2 Greek words for Philosophy - ANS-Philein- love of Sophia-Wisdom or knowledge
\A allegorical philosopher - ANS-(mental) Engineer
\A standard epistemology question - ANS-How do we know what we know?
\According to Absolute Idealism, what is the relationship between being real and being
knowable? - ANS-All reality is knowable.
\According to Confucius, this principle governs both the well-ordered family and the well-ordered
state. - ANS-The principle of the Mean.
\According to Julia Kristeva - ANS-All of the above (The female semiotic has been devalued.
Feminine signification has been marginalized because it threatens the traditionally masculine
list symbolic discourse.
Religious discourse can create a healing space between symbolic and semiotic.
\According to Theano, what did Pythagoras claim? - ANS-Everything is in accordance with the
number.
\Aesthetics - ANS-deals with the artistic value or the value of self-expression.
\Allegory of the cave - ANS-Used by Plato to explain his Theory of Forms; sensory experiences
are like living in a cave with shadows. We think the shadows are real but they are really created
by someone behind them.
\Anaximander - ANS-a pupil of Thales who pushed deeper into the thought of what basic
substance the world comes from. His answer was a basic substance- ageless, boundless, and
indeterminate.
\Anaximenes - ANS-pronounced the basic substane to be air.
\Anne Conway advocated what sort of metaphysics? - ANS-Monadology
\Appeal to emotion - ANS-A fallacy in trying to establish a point by evoking an emotion in the
listener.
\Argument - ANS-outlining your propositions and conclusions clearly while offering solid
evidence to support them, not only personal opinions.
\Argumentum ad hominem - ANS-"argument against the person"; repudiating philosophical
arguments based on the personal character or credentials of the person making the argument.
\Aristotle - ANS-Focused more on the material world vs Platos higher reality.
\Axiology - ANS-the study of value
\Basic questions of Epistemology - ANS-What is the nature of knowledge and what are its
criteria, sources, and limits?
, \Basics of philosphizing - ANS-the ability to reason correctly, defend assumptions, and to
anticipate and rebut rebuttals.
\Begging the question - ANS-when you assume the very thing you are trying to prove, which
means your "proof" doesn't go anywhere. Ex: God doesn't exist because the bible says he does
and the bible is the word of God, you have to prove his existence.
\Circular Reasoning - ANS-A fallacy in an argument, aka begging the question, finds a
conclusion based upon an assumption that is basically the same thing as the conclusion.
\Cogito, ergo sum - ANS-" I think, therefore I am": Descartes
\Counterarugments - ANS-Challenges or criticisms to your argument that calls for you to defend
your argument.
\Empiricism - ANS-Believe in no priori knowledge, ex: an infant has no knowledge, all
knowledge comes first from the senses
\Epistemology - ANS-the branch that explores the sources, nature, limits, and criteria of
knowledge.
\Epistemology - ANS-The theory, questions, or study of knowledge
\Ethics - ANS-one of the fields of Axiology; looks at what is right and wrong, moral character,
and virtue.
\Fallacy - ANS-a mistake in reasoning
\For French structuralist anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss, what is a culture? - ANS-A system
of signs.
\For Nietzsche, who or what is the source of ethical truth? - ANS-The Superman
\Given his epistemological standards, what characteristic must all of Descartes arguments for
God possess? - ANS-They must yield conclusions that are absolutely certain.
\Given his epistemological standards, what characteristic would Hume insist that any argument
for God possess? - ANS-It must be based on sensory experience.
\Giving & rebutting arguments - ANS-the most basic philosophical activity
\Heraclitus - ANS-a pre-Socratic philosopher that determined "all is fire" in relation to what is at
the center of reality and the world around us.
\Heraclitus famous remark and what idea does it raise? - ANS-"You cannot step in the same
river twice"; problem of identity
\How did St. Thomas Aquinas distinguish philosophy from theology? - ANS-Philosophy is based
on reason while theology is based on divine revelation and faith.
\How was Edmund Husserl's philosophy similar to Descartes'? - ANS-He too sought to achieve
rational certainty by grounding the truth in a deeper source.
\Illogical - ANS-the conclusion is not supported by the premise of the argument
\In philosophy, what is an argument? - ANS-Giving reasons for a belief.
\In what does human happiness consist, according to Aristotle? - ANS-All of the above (
pleasure, intellectual virtue, & moral virtue)
\John Locke - ANS-An empiricists; founded British empiricism
\John Stuart Mill believed that - ANS-one should seek general happiness
\Logic - ANS-refers to both an area of philosophical inquiry and a tool used to pursue
knowledge, identity valid and invalid arguments, and come to reasonable conclusions.
\Logos - ANS-The cosmic order that, according to Heraclitus, determines changes. The idea
that each thing contains its opposite through a harmonious union.
Straighterline.com Final
"I don't agree with Jones when she says we should wait for a trial, and I'll tell you why. I don't
approve of letting someone get away with murder! That's why I say let's hang him now!" What
fallacy does this most clearly illustrate? - ANS-Straw man
\2 Basic questions of metaphysics - ANS-What is being? and What are its fundamental features
and properties?
\2 Greek words for Philosophy - ANS-Philein- love of Sophia-Wisdom or knowledge
\A allegorical philosopher - ANS-(mental) Engineer
\A standard epistemology question - ANS-How do we know what we know?
\According to Absolute Idealism, what is the relationship between being real and being
knowable? - ANS-All reality is knowable.
\According to Confucius, this principle governs both the well-ordered family and the well-ordered
state. - ANS-The principle of the Mean.
\According to Julia Kristeva - ANS-All of the above (The female semiotic has been devalued.
Feminine signification has been marginalized because it threatens the traditionally masculine
list symbolic discourse.
Religious discourse can create a healing space between symbolic and semiotic.
\According to Theano, what did Pythagoras claim? - ANS-Everything is in accordance with the
number.
\Aesthetics - ANS-deals with the artistic value or the value of self-expression.
\Allegory of the cave - ANS-Used by Plato to explain his Theory of Forms; sensory experiences
are like living in a cave with shadows. We think the shadows are real but they are really created
by someone behind them.
\Anaximander - ANS-a pupil of Thales who pushed deeper into the thought of what basic
substance the world comes from. His answer was a basic substance- ageless, boundless, and
indeterminate.
\Anaximenes - ANS-pronounced the basic substane to be air.
\Anne Conway advocated what sort of metaphysics? - ANS-Monadology
\Appeal to emotion - ANS-A fallacy in trying to establish a point by evoking an emotion in the
listener.
\Argument - ANS-outlining your propositions and conclusions clearly while offering solid
evidence to support them, not only personal opinions.
\Argumentum ad hominem - ANS-"argument against the person"; repudiating philosophical
arguments based on the personal character or credentials of the person making the argument.
\Aristotle - ANS-Focused more on the material world vs Platos higher reality.
\Axiology - ANS-the study of value
\Basic questions of Epistemology - ANS-What is the nature of knowledge and what are its
criteria, sources, and limits?
, \Basics of philosphizing - ANS-the ability to reason correctly, defend assumptions, and to
anticipate and rebut rebuttals.
\Begging the question - ANS-when you assume the very thing you are trying to prove, which
means your "proof" doesn't go anywhere. Ex: God doesn't exist because the bible says he does
and the bible is the word of God, you have to prove his existence.
\Circular Reasoning - ANS-A fallacy in an argument, aka begging the question, finds a
conclusion based upon an assumption that is basically the same thing as the conclusion.
\Cogito, ergo sum - ANS-" I think, therefore I am": Descartes
\Counterarugments - ANS-Challenges or criticisms to your argument that calls for you to defend
your argument.
\Empiricism - ANS-Believe in no priori knowledge, ex: an infant has no knowledge, all
knowledge comes first from the senses
\Epistemology - ANS-the branch that explores the sources, nature, limits, and criteria of
knowledge.
\Epistemology - ANS-The theory, questions, or study of knowledge
\Ethics - ANS-one of the fields of Axiology; looks at what is right and wrong, moral character,
and virtue.
\Fallacy - ANS-a mistake in reasoning
\For French structuralist anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss, what is a culture? - ANS-A system
of signs.
\For Nietzsche, who or what is the source of ethical truth? - ANS-The Superman
\Given his epistemological standards, what characteristic must all of Descartes arguments for
God possess? - ANS-They must yield conclusions that are absolutely certain.
\Given his epistemological standards, what characteristic would Hume insist that any argument
for God possess? - ANS-It must be based on sensory experience.
\Giving & rebutting arguments - ANS-the most basic philosophical activity
\Heraclitus - ANS-a pre-Socratic philosopher that determined "all is fire" in relation to what is at
the center of reality and the world around us.
\Heraclitus famous remark and what idea does it raise? - ANS-"You cannot step in the same
river twice"; problem of identity
\How did St. Thomas Aquinas distinguish philosophy from theology? - ANS-Philosophy is based
on reason while theology is based on divine revelation and faith.
\How was Edmund Husserl's philosophy similar to Descartes'? - ANS-He too sought to achieve
rational certainty by grounding the truth in a deeper source.
\Illogical - ANS-the conclusion is not supported by the premise of the argument
\In philosophy, what is an argument? - ANS-Giving reasons for a belief.
\In what does human happiness consist, according to Aristotle? - ANS-All of the above (
pleasure, intellectual virtue, & moral virtue)
\John Locke - ANS-An empiricists; founded British empiricism
\John Stuart Mill believed that - ANS-one should seek general happiness
\Logic - ANS-refers to both an area of philosophical inquiry and a tool used to pursue
knowledge, identity valid and invalid arguments, and come to reasonable conclusions.
\Logos - ANS-The cosmic order that, according to Heraclitus, determines changes. The idea
that each thing contains its opposite through a harmonious union.
