BMS 301: TAP Exam Objectives || QUESTIONS WITH
A+ GRADED SOLUTIONS!!
Functional activities of the bony vertebral column correct answers Protection - spinal cord
Support: head, ribs, upper limb
Posture - weight bearing
Site of extensive muscle attachment
Locomotion (ability to move from one place to another)
Unique structural characteristics of each of the five vertebral segments correct answers
Cervical: (7) bifid spinous processes, 2 transverse foramen, small vertebral body
Thoracic: (12) costal facets: articulations for ribs, longer spinous processes
Lumbar: (5) large vertebral body, no costal facets, smaller spinous processes
Sacral: (5) fused into sacrum, ant/post sacral foramina where the spinal nerves enter/leave
General articulations - name, location, type, etc. correct answers Facet jts - where ribs
articulate (~4x)
-> between sup articulating processes + inf articulating processes
-> synovial - gliding
Intervertebral discs
-> between adjacent vertebral bodies
-> firmly adhered together
-> cartilaginous - slightly movable
Unique articulations - names, location, type, etc. correct answers Atlanto-occipital jt:
-> between atlas (C1) + skull
-> synovial - hinge
- "yes" jt
Atlantoaxial Jt:
-> between C1 + axis (C2)
-> synovial - pivot/rotational
- "no" jt
-Dens (sup projection) project into C1 - C1 can rotate around dens
Sacroiliac Jt:
-> between sacrum + ilium
-> synovial - plane/gliding
-> weight transfer
Curves of the vertebral column correct answers - In utero: no curves
@ 3 months - vertebral column is C-shaped
@ 4-6 months cervical curve develops
@ ~1 year lumbar curve develops
,Associated pathologies of vertebral curves correct answers 1) Scoliosis
- lateral curvature of column
2) Kyphosis
- bone of vert. begins to breakdown causing curve of spine
- exaggerated thoracic curve
- often in elderly + women
3) Lordosis
- abnormal lumbar curvature
- common in pregnant women + large bellies
-> ant. pulling on lumbar vertebrae
Five ligaments of the vertebral column - positions & functions correct answers 1) Ant
longitudinal lig (ant. vertebrae):
- continuous lig. - extends from sacrum to skull
- broad
- fxn: limits extension of vert. column
2) Post longitudinal lig (post. vertebrae):
- continuous lig - sacrum to skull
- narrow
- fxn: limits flexion of vert. column
3) Ligamenta Flava (runs in between lamina) :
- not continuous
- between adjacent lamina
- fxn: limits lat flexion of vert. column
4) Interspinal lig (between spinous processes):
- not continuous
- limits flexion of vert. column
5) Supraspinal lig (post. aspect of spinous processes):
- continuous - sacrum to skull
- "nuchal lig"
- limits flexion of vert. column
Anatomy of intervertebral discs - type, describe correct answers Circular structure that lies in
between each vertebra
Made up of annular fibrosus & a nucleus pulposus in the middle
- cartilaginous
What is meant by a "herniated disc"? correct answers When the nucleus propulsus bursts
open (usually) in the post/lat direction
*herniated disc/ruptured nucleus pulposus will effect the next lowest spinal nerve
-> ex: L4/L5 herniation --> effects L5 spinal n.
Describe the blood supply of the abdominal wall muscles correct answers Posteriorly:
Lumbar aa (x4)
, Anteriorly:
- Superior Epigastric aa (x2) (continuation of internal thoracic artery)
- Inferior epigastric aa
*sup & inf epigastric aa anastamose w/ eachother
Difference between extrinsic and intrinsic back muscles correct answers Extrinsic mm: start
in the back and end elsewhere
-> fxn: target upper limb (vertebrae/ribs to upper limb)
-> innervated by ventral rami of spinal nn
Intrinsic mm: "true back mm"
-> innervated by dorsal rami (really small branches)
->3 groups: superficial, intermediate, deep
List the Intrinsic back mm by group correct answers Superficial group: splenius m
Intermediate group: erector spinae mm - ("I Love Sports")
1) iliocostalis m (i)
2) longissimus m (love)
3) spinalis m (sports)
Deep group: transversospinalis m ("deep obliques")
Superficial group: attachments, actions, and nerve supply correct answers Splenius -
A: spinous processes (C7-T3)
B: mastoid process (on skull, inf. to ear)
Actions:
-> together - extension of head/neck
-> individual - lateral flexion and rotation of head/neck
Innv: dorsal rami
Intermediate group: list attachments, actions, and nerve supply correct answers Erector
Spinae - 3 columns
A: lower lumbar vert, iliac crest, sacrum
1) Iliocostalis m - lateral
-> B: rib to rib
2) longissimus m - intermediate
-> B: transverse process to transverse process
3) spinalis m - medial
-> B: spinous process to spinous process
Action:
-> together- extension of vertebral column
-> individual- lateral flexion/rotation of vertebral column
Inn: dorsal rami
"serially arranged" = start + stop, start + stop, start + stop, etc.
Deep group: list attachments, actions/fxn, and nerve supply correct answers
Transversospinalis: aka deep obliques
A: spinous process
A+ GRADED SOLUTIONS!!
Functional activities of the bony vertebral column correct answers Protection - spinal cord
Support: head, ribs, upper limb
Posture - weight bearing
Site of extensive muscle attachment
Locomotion (ability to move from one place to another)
Unique structural characteristics of each of the five vertebral segments correct answers
Cervical: (7) bifid spinous processes, 2 transverse foramen, small vertebral body
Thoracic: (12) costal facets: articulations for ribs, longer spinous processes
Lumbar: (5) large vertebral body, no costal facets, smaller spinous processes
Sacral: (5) fused into sacrum, ant/post sacral foramina where the spinal nerves enter/leave
General articulations - name, location, type, etc. correct answers Facet jts - where ribs
articulate (~4x)
-> between sup articulating processes + inf articulating processes
-> synovial - gliding
Intervertebral discs
-> between adjacent vertebral bodies
-> firmly adhered together
-> cartilaginous - slightly movable
Unique articulations - names, location, type, etc. correct answers Atlanto-occipital jt:
-> between atlas (C1) + skull
-> synovial - hinge
- "yes" jt
Atlantoaxial Jt:
-> between C1 + axis (C2)
-> synovial - pivot/rotational
- "no" jt
-Dens (sup projection) project into C1 - C1 can rotate around dens
Sacroiliac Jt:
-> between sacrum + ilium
-> synovial - plane/gliding
-> weight transfer
Curves of the vertebral column correct answers - In utero: no curves
@ 3 months - vertebral column is C-shaped
@ 4-6 months cervical curve develops
@ ~1 year lumbar curve develops
,Associated pathologies of vertebral curves correct answers 1) Scoliosis
- lateral curvature of column
2) Kyphosis
- bone of vert. begins to breakdown causing curve of spine
- exaggerated thoracic curve
- often in elderly + women
3) Lordosis
- abnormal lumbar curvature
- common in pregnant women + large bellies
-> ant. pulling on lumbar vertebrae
Five ligaments of the vertebral column - positions & functions correct answers 1) Ant
longitudinal lig (ant. vertebrae):
- continuous lig. - extends from sacrum to skull
- broad
- fxn: limits extension of vert. column
2) Post longitudinal lig (post. vertebrae):
- continuous lig - sacrum to skull
- narrow
- fxn: limits flexion of vert. column
3) Ligamenta Flava (runs in between lamina) :
- not continuous
- between adjacent lamina
- fxn: limits lat flexion of vert. column
4) Interspinal lig (between spinous processes):
- not continuous
- limits flexion of vert. column
5) Supraspinal lig (post. aspect of spinous processes):
- continuous - sacrum to skull
- "nuchal lig"
- limits flexion of vert. column
Anatomy of intervertebral discs - type, describe correct answers Circular structure that lies in
between each vertebra
Made up of annular fibrosus & a nucleus pulposus in the middle
- cartilaginous
What is meant by a "herniated disc"? correct answers When the nucleus propulsus bursts
open (usually) in the post/lat direction
*herniated disc/ruptured nucleus pulposus will effect the next lowest spinal nerve
-> ex: L4/L5 herniation --> effects L5 spinal n.
Describe the blood supply of the abdominal wall muscles correct answers Posteriorly:
Lumbar aa (x4)
, Anteriorly:
- Superior Epigastric aa (x2) (continuation of internal thoracic artery)
- Inferior epigastric aa
*sup & inf epigastric aa anastamose w/ eachother
Difference between extrinsic and intrinsic back muscles correct answers Extrinsic mm: start
in the back and end elsewhere
-> fxn: target upper limb (vertebrae/ribs to upper limb)
-> innervated by ventral rami of spinal nn
Intrinsic mm: "true back mm"
-> innervated by dorsal rami (really small branches)
->3 groups: superficial, intermediate, deep
List the Intrinsic back mm by group correct answers Superficial group: splenius m
Intermediate group: erector spinae mm - ("I Love Sports")
1) iliocostalis m (i)
2) longissimus m (love)
3) spinalis m (sports)
Deep group: transversospinalis m ("deep obliques")
Superficial group: attachments, actions, and nerve supply correct answers Splenius -
A: spinous processes (C7-T3)
B: mastoid process (on skull, inf. to ear)
Actions:
-> together - extension of head/neck
-> individual - lateral flexion and rotation of head/neck
Innv: dorsal rami
Intermediate group: list attachments, actions, and nerve supply correct answers Erector
Spinae - 3 columns
A: lower lumbar vert, iliac crest, sacrum
1) Iliocostalis m - lateral
-> B: rib to rib
2) longissimus m - intermediate
-> B: transverse process to transverse process
3) spinalis m - medial
-> B: spinous process to spinous process
Action:
-> together- extension of vertebral column
-> individual- lateral flexion/rotation of vertebral column
Inn: dorsal rami
"serially arranged" = start + stop, start + stop, start + stop, etc.
Deep group: list attachments, actions/fxn, and nerve supply correct answers
Transversospinalis: aka deep obliques
A: spinous process
