statistics for nursing

The questions are in bold followed by answers. 1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a rationale for your answer. Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs the subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray, 2019). 2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for this sample. 3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample? Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate. Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratiolevel data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray, 2017; Knapp, 2017). 4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study: What category identifies your current income as an RN? a. Less than $50,000 b. $50,000 to 59,999 c. $60,000 to 69,999 d. $70,000 to 80,000 e. $80,000 or greater What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income categories are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-ended AG 1-1 Identifying Levels of Measurement: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio 1 EXERCISE Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded AG 1-2 Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since categories (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017). 5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symptoms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017). 6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores for the cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scores for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017). 7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance of this result. Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of subjects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those in higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed. 8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole percent (%). Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is calculated by the following formula: (group frequency ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study, (91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final answer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the question. You could have also subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with an antidepressant. 9. What was the purpose of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in clinical practice? Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal, steady-state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional status score could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional status of cardiac patients. Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded AG 1-3 10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurement for the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measured with the Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing, lifting objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scale with values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scale and the subscales were considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics, such as means and SDs (see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017). Exercise 2: Identifying Probability and Nonprobability Sampling Methods in Studies 1. Probability, simple random sampling. Each department was in the target was identified by a number that had been selected from a random numbers table. 2. Yes, the sample is representative. Probability sampling allows every person or element of the study population to be represented without researcher bias and minimizes sampling error. 3. Nonprobability, convenience sampling. In convenience sampling, subjects are enrolled in the study until the target sample size is reached. Convenience sampling does not allow for the opportunity to control for sampling errors and biases. 4. Nonprobability, network or snowball sampling. Network or snowball sampling makes use of social networks and the fact that friends often have common characteristics. The selected individuals were asked to locate other substance abusers they knew to participate in the study. 5. Probability; stratified random sampling. Stratified random sampling is used when the researcher knows some of the variables within a population that will affect the representatives of the sample. 6. Was the sample identified in the Ulrich et al. (2005) study in Question 5 representative of the target population of NPs and PAs? Provide a rationale for your answer. Yes, stratified random sampling is used when some of the variables within a population are known that will affect the representativeness of the sample. 7. Nonprobability; purposive sampling. Purposive sampling occurs when the researcher consciously selects subjects, elements, events, or incidents to include in the study. The event in this study is the tornado. Those selected for the study lived in the city where the tornado occurred. 8. Nonprobability; convenience sampling. Participants in convenience sampling are recruited because they are accessible and available to participate. The participants of this study were chosen because they were admitted to the hospital. 9. Nonprobability; purposive sampling then theoretical sampling. Purposive sampling was used because the participants were selected based on their familiarity with, interest in, and willingness to reflect and discuss their hope experience. Theoretical sampling was then used to achieve theoretical saturation. 10. Nonprobability; purposive sampling. Purposive sampling was used because the researcher consciously selected the subjects. Exercise 3: Understanding the Sampling Section of a Research Report: Population, Sampling Criteria, Sample Size, Refusal Rate, and Attrition Rate 1. Did the study include sampling inclusion criteria? What were those criteria? Were these criteria appropriate for this study? • Yes • The criteria were children aged 3 to 5 years, mother had primary or regular visitation of child, the dyad lived in state or were able to meet in state for the data collection, the mother participated in the MTB program or the control condition beyond the initial consent period • Yes, the criteria is appropriate for the study. 2. Sampling inclusion and exclusion are developed to determine what type of population? What is the accessible population? Document your answer. • Sampling inclusion and exclusion are developed to determine the target population. Inclusion criteria are requirements that must be present for an element or participant to be included in the sample. Exclusion criteria are requirements that exclude or eliminate participants from being in the sample. • The accessible population is the population in research that researchers can apply their conclusions. The sample is selected from the accessible population within the target population. 3. How many of the mother-child dyads with children 3 to 5 years old were available for contact for the follow up study? How many mother-child dyads were included in the initial intervention group for the follow up study? What frequency and percent of the mother-child dyads were unable to be contacted in the intervention group? • 50 mother-child dyads were available for contact • 62 mother-child dyads were included in the initial intervention • 12 mother-child dyads (19.3%) were unable to be contacted 4. Of the 36 mother-child dyads in the intervention group, how many were included in the follow up study? How many mother-child dyads did not participate in the study? Was a rationale provided for their not participating? If so, what were the reasons, and did they seem appropriate or unusual? • 24 mother-child dyads were included in the follow up study • 12 mother-child dyads did not participate in the study because they either could not be reached or did not meet the criteria. The reasons are appropriate. 5. What was the attrition number and rate for this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. • Attrition number= 82 • Attrition rate = 82/132 = 0.62X100 = 62% • 132 were originally enrolled in the study. Only 50 were included in the follow up study, leaving an attrition number of 82. 6. Calculate the attrition rate for a study that included a sample size of 250 subjects and 10 became too ill to continue in the study, 5 could not be contacted after hospital discharge, and 4 died. Round your answer to the nearest tenth of a percent. • 250 – 10 – 5 – 4 = 231/250 = 0.92 X 100 = 92% 7. What was the total sample for this study? • 132 8. The intervention and control groups had unequal numbers. Is this a study strength or weakness? Provide a rationale for your answer. • The unequal numbers between the control and intervention groups is not a weakness. The weakness for this study lies in the small number of individuals within each group. The small sample size could be indicative of sample selection bias. 9. Discuss the results of the power analysis conducted for this study. Was the sample size adequate for this study? Provide a rationale for your answers. • The sample size for this study was adequate because the dyads provided for each group were above the required size determined by the power analysis. 10. Are the findings from this study ready for use in practice? Provide a rationale for your answer. • No, the sample size of the size was too small to provide insight that could be used in practice. However, if the study were to be repeated with a larger sample, the study could possibly be implemented into practice.