NR507 Midterm Exam Week 8
(2025/2026):Advanced Pathophysiology
Assessment With Expected Exam Questions
and Verified Answers,
Complete A+ Guide-Chamberlain.
How does blood flow through the heart?
Answer✔ Deoxygenated venous blood → Sup. Vena Cava → Right Atrium →Tricuspid (AV) →Empties
into R. Ventricle (& it contracts) → Blood ejected through Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Artery →
Lungs to be Oxygenated → Pulmonary Veins → L. Atrium → Mitral (AV) → L. Ventricle (pumps with each
contraction) → Aortic Valve → Aorta → Body
What is systole?
Answer✔ Contraction of the heart which pumps blood
Diastole
Answer✔ Relaxation of the heart
What produces S1 and S2 sound?
Answer✔ closing of the heart valves
What produces S1?
Answer✔ The mitral and tricuspid valves which close in systole
What produces S2 sound?
Answer✔ The closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves in diastole
What is cardiac output?
Answer✔ the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute
What is stroke volume?
Answer✔ amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle with contraction
, What determines cardiac output?
Answer✔ stroke volume and heart rate
What is preload?
Answer✔ the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts, related to ventricular filling, end
diastolic pressure, amount of blood entering the ventricle during diastole
What is afterload?
Answer✔ resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
What is contractility?
Answer✔ Normal ability of muscle to contract at a given force for a given stretch. It is independent of
preload/afterload
Will sustained tachycardia result in increased or decreased stroke volume?
Answer✔ Decreased
What conditions can result in decreased contractility?
Answer✔ Ischemia, acidosis, cardiomyopathy
What can cause increase afterload?
Answer✔ HTN, pulmonary disease, damage to the aortic valve
What has the most immediate effect on afterload?
Answer✔ HTN
Why would hemorrhaging cause decreased afterload?
Answer✔ Decreased volume of blood creates less resistance
What does increased preload do to stroke volume?
Answer✔ Increases stroke volume, over time the body will be unable to compensate however
(2025/2026):Advanced Pathophysiology
Assessment With Expected Exam Questions
and Verified Answers,
Complete A+ Guide-Chamberlain.
How does blood flow through the heart?
Answer✔ Deoxygenated venous blood → Sup. Vena Cava → Right Atrium →Tricuspid (AV) →Empties
into R. Ventricle (& it contracts) → Blood ejected through Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Artery →
Lungs to be Oxygenated → Pulmonary Veins → L. Atrium → Mitral (AV) → L. Ventricle (pumps with each
contraction) → Aortic Valve → Aorta → Body
What is systole?
Answer✔ Contraction of the heart which pumps blood
Diastole
Answer✔ Relaxation of the heart
What produces S1 and S2 sound?
Answer✔ closing of the heart valves
What produces S1?
Answer✔ The mitral and tricuspid valves which close in systole
What produces S2 sound?
Answer✔ The closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves in diastole
What is cardiac output?
Answer✔ the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute
What is stroke volume?
Answer✔ amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle with contraction
, What determines cardiac output?
Answer✔ stroke volume and heart rate
What is preload?
Answer✔ the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts, related to ventricular filling, end
diastolic pressure, amount of blood entering the ventricle during diastole
What is afterload?
Answer✔ resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
What is contractility?
Answer✔ Normal ability of muscle to contract at a given force for a given stretch. It is independent of
preload/afterload
Will sustained tachycardia result in increased or decreased stroke volume?
Answer✔ Decreased
What conditions can result in decreased contractility?
Answer✔ Ischemia, acidosis, cardiomyopathy
What can cause increase afterload?
Answer✔ HTN, pulmonary disease, damage to the aortic valve
What has the most immediate effect on afterload?
Answer✔ HTN
Why would hemorrhaging cause decreased afterload?
Answer✔ Decreased volume of blood creates less resistance
What does increased preload do to stroke volume?
Answer✔ Increases stroke volume, over time the body will be unable to compensate however
