Portage learning genetics BIOD 210 module 4 exam questions and correct answers
-grow quickly
Why are bacteria excellent tools for ge- -easy to isolate one strain or species
netic research? -can be grown in any laboratory (little
risk, inexpensive nutrients)
bacteria undergo random mutations that
what is spontaneous mutation
may be advantageous to survival
when a species adapts to a pathogen via
"induced resistance"
what is adaptive immunity (some cells survive the pathogen and
then reproduce to make more cells that
are resistant)
bacteria are grown in conditions that al-
why is "selection" of bacteria and muta-
low the mutated bacteria to survive, while
tions used in the lab?
the wild type bacteria do not
How do scientists actually use selection adding a resistance marker to the DNA
of bacteria in the lab? plasmid that contains the gene of intrest
What two ways are bacteria grown in lab liquid culture or agar
medium that contains all the necessary
Bacteria are usually grown in minimal
organic compounds for the bacteria to
medium, what does this mean?
survive
Bacteria that can grow on minimal media
prototrophic
are called:
bacteria can grow with no additional nu-
What does being prototrophic mean?
trients or reagents
what is the lag phase growth is very slow
what is log phase exponential growth
When bacteria reaches to
in a culture, it will enter 1 million cells per ml
stationary phase
What is the stationary phase cease to grow
When will scientists harvest their bacte-
log phase
ria
1/7
, process of bacteria transferring genetic
define conjugation information to another bacteria via direct
contact
bacteria strains that lack essential nu-
define auxotrophs trients so that they cannot grow without
supplementation in the medium
Mixing two auxotrophs (needing different
amino acids to grow) in the same medi- via conjugation and transfer of genetic
um allowed them both to grow. How did material
this happen?
"donor "bacteria are known as: F + cells
recipients of the donated gene are
F- cells
known as:
conjugation is made possible by what
F- pilus
cell structure?
cells capable of donating genetic mater-
Fertility factor ( F- factor)
ial contain a :
a fertility factor is now know to be a: plasmid (circular DNA molecule)
E. coli is known to have plasmids. do all
no, not all of them
e. coli cells have plasmids?
where do plasmids reside within a cell cytoplasm
What two ways can plasmids exist within
high copy or low copy
a cell
a high copy plasmid will produce: high expression of the plasmid
plasmids that code for antibiotic resis-
what are R plasmids
tance
resistance -transfer factor (RTF)
R plasmids have what factor?
(and r determinants)
RTFs confer the genes that are neces- transfer of genetic information between
sary for: bacteria
encode the genes that confer specific
what do r determinants do?
antibiotic resistance
the most common resistances to antibi-
otics are seen in what antibiotics? 2/7
-grow quickly
Why are bacteria excellent tools for ge- -easy to isolate one strain or species
netic research? -can be grown in any laboratory (little
risk, inexpensive nutrients)
bacteria undergo random mutations that
what is spontaneous mutation
may be advantageous to survival
when a species adapts to a pathogen via
"induced resistance"
what is adaptive immunity (some cells survive the pathogen and
then reproduce to make more cells that
are resistant)
bacteria are grown in conditions that al-
why is "selection" of bacteria and muta-
low the mutated bacteria to survive, while
tions used in the lab?
the wild type bacteria do not
How do scientists actually use selection adding a resistance marker to the DNA
of bacteria in the lab? plasmid that contains the gene of intrest
What two ways are bacteria grown in lab liquid culture or agar
medium that contains all the necessary
Bacteria are usually grown in minimal
organic compounds for the bacteria to
medium, what does this mean?
survive
Bacteria that can grow on minimal media
prototrophic
are called:
bacteria can grow with no additional nu-
What does being prototrophic mean?
trients or reagents
what is the lag phase growth is very slow
what is log phase exponential growth
When bacteria reaches to
in a culture, it will enter 1 million cells per ml
stationary phase
What is the stationary phase cease to grow
When will scientists harvest their bacte-
log phase
ria
1/7
, process of bacteria transferring genetic
define conjugation information to another bacteria via direct
contact
bacteria strains that lack essential nu-
define auxotrophs trients so that they cannot grow without
supplementation in the medium
Mixing two auxotrophs (needing different
amino acids to grow) in the same medi- via conjugation and transfer of genetic
um allowed them both to grow. How did material
this happen?
"donor "bacteria are known as: F + cells
recipients of the donated gene are
F- cells
known as:
conjugation is made possible by what
F- pilus
cell structure?
cells capable of donating genetic mater-
Fertility factor ( F- factor)
ial contain a :
a fertility factor is now know to be a: plasmid (circular DNA molecule)
E. coli is known to have plasmids. do all
no, not all of them
e. coli cells have plasmids?
where do plasmids reside within a cell cytoplasm
What two ways can plasmids exist within
high copy or low copy
a cell
a high copy plasmid will produce: high expression of the plasmid
plasmids that code for antibiotic resis-
what are R plasmids
tance
resistance -transfer factor (RTF)
R plasmids have what factor?
(and r determinants)
RTFs confer the genes that are neces- transfer of genetic information between
sary for: bacteria
encode the genes that confer specific
what do r determinants do?
antibiotic resistance
the most common resistances to antibi-
otics are seen in what antibiotics? 2/7
