MCB4271
MCB 4271 Exam 1 Study Questions with
Correct Answers 2025
True or False: All antibacterial drugs are antibiotics. -Correct Answer ✔False
When was the first antibiotic discovered? -Correct Answer ✔1928
Antimicrobial resistance -Correct Answer ✔The ability of a microbe to stop an
antimicrobial from working against it, resulting in standard treatments becoming
ineffective and infections becoming persistent.
What types of organisms can cause AMR? -Correct Answer ✔Bacteria, fungi, viruses,
parasites, pests, weeds
What's a type of "resistance" found in humans? -Correct Answer ✔Cancers being
resistant to chemotherapy
Community-acquired infection -Correct Answer ✔Infection acquired in the community
(gym, subway, classroom, etc.), not in a hospital
Nosocomial infections -Correct Answer ✔Hospital acquired infections (nursing home,
clinic, etc.)
Most AMR infections are ___. -Correct Answer ✔Community-acquired
Most deaths due to AMR infections are ___. -Correct Answer ✔Nosocomial
AMR occurs ___. -Correct Answer ✔Naturally
AMR leads to: -Correct Answer ✔Longer hospital stays, higher medical costs, increased
mortality
Describe the trend in percentage of ABR infections. -Correct Answer ✔Annually, the
number of bacterial infections stays pretty constant; percentage of ABR infections keeps
increasing.
How does ABR lead to higher medical costs? -Correct Answer ✔1. Cost of prescription
antibiotics
2. Prolonged hospital stays
3. Additional diagnostics/lab tests
4. Need to hire specialists
MCB4271
,MCB4271
Describe the relationship between numbers of resistant bacteria and numbers of novel
antibiotics. -Correct Answer ✔Resistant bacteria - increasing
Antibiotics - almost 0
How long does it take for an antibiotic to develop clinical resistance? -Correct Answer
✔8 years
What are 7 major factors contributing to AMR in healthcare? -Correct Answer ✔1.
Misuse of antibiotics
2. Use of antibiotics in healthcare
3. Lack of antibiotics (untreated person with resistant bacteria poses a risk to others)
4. Poor sanitation/personal hygiene
5. Inadequate infection controls in healthcare settings
6. Limiting exposure to microbes
7. Antimicrobials in personal hygiene products
What are 3 factors contributing to antibiotic misuse? -Correct Answer ✔1. Underuse -
not finishing prescriptions
2. Use - using antibiotics increases risks for other infections (e.g., C. diff)
3. Overuse - 25 to 75% prescriptions; given when not needed, continued when not
necessary, wrong dose, wrong antibiotic
Describe how population growth leads to antibiotic resistance. -Correct Answer
✔Increase in global population --> increase in food demand --> increased animal
farming --> increased disease transmission on farms --> increased use of antibiotics -->
increased ABR --> increased probability of humans encountering low levels of
antibiotics --> increased ABR
What are 2 reasons for antibiotics being used for farming? -Correct Answer ✔1. Growth
promoters - either inhibit gut bacteria, which leads to increased energy uptake, or kill
pathogenic bacteria, resulting in more energy for growth
2. Infection control - cheaper than hygiene controls
When were antibiotics approved for use as growth promoters in poultry, beef, and pork
industries? -Correct Answer ✔1951
How much of the antibiotics in the US are used for animals? -Correct Answer ✔70%
What is the leading driver of ABR? -Correct Answer ✔Antibiotics used in agriculture
Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) -Correct Answer ✔A method of identifying bacterial
isolates by directly measuring the DNA sequence variation in housekeeping genes
E. faecalis ST16 -Correct Answer ✔Gentamicin-resistant strains detected in pig
populations in Denmark; later, 2 patients had community-acquired infections and died.
MCB4271
, MCB4271
The study found that what 3 things can be spread on the wind? -Correct Answer
✔Antibiotics, bacteria, and resistance genes
4 consequences of antibiotic use in farm animals -Correct Answer ✔1. Enhanced
development of resistance to antibiotics
2. Transmission of resistant bacteria to humans
3. Contamination of the environment by air particulates that carry antibiotics, resistance
genes, and bacteria
4. Emergence of novel antibiotic resistance mechanisms
5 consequences of antibiotic use in farm animals on human health -Correct Answer ✔1.
Increased morbidity/mortality
2. Reduced efficacy of human antibiotics
3. Increased healthcare costs
4. Increased potential for global spread of resistance
5. Facilitated emergence of resistance in human pathogens
True or False: The FDA banned the use of antibiotics as growth promoters. -Correct
Answer ✔True
2 reasons that it's difficult to eliminate antibiotic use on farms -Correct Answer ✔1. Very
easy, uncontrolled access
2. Loss of money to farms/farming companies/pharmaceuticals
What are major reservoirs of ABR in the environment? Which 3 of these are the most
important? -Correct Answer ✔*Food animals
*Pets
*Humans
Wild animals
Soil/water/produce
How can antibiotic resistant bacteria be transmitted through the air? -Correct Answer
✔On aerosols; on solid particles
7 sources of bacteria in the air -Correct Answer ✔1. Humans/animals
2. Fecal matter
3. Wastewater
4. Soil
5. Leaves
6. Water
7. Composting facilities
CFU -Correct Answer ✔A unit used to estimate the number of viable bacteria under the
assumption that a single bacterium will form a single colony.
MCB4271
MCB 4271 Exam 1 Study Questions with
Correct Answers 2025
True or False: All antibacterial drugs are antibiotics. -Correct Answer ✔False
When was the first antibiotic discovered? -Correct Answer ✔1928
Antimicrobial resistance -Correct Answer ✔The ability of a microbe to stop an
antimicrobial from working against it, resulting in standard treatments becoming
ineffective and infections becoming persistent.
What types of organisms can cause AMR? -Correct Answer ✔Bacteria, fungi, viruses,
parasites, pests, weeds
What's a type of "resistance" found in humans? -Correct Answer ✔Cancers being
resistant to chemotherapy
Community-acquired infection -Correct Answer ✔Infection acquired in the community
(gym, subway, classroom, etc.), not in a hospital
Nosocomial infections -Correct Answer ✔Hospital acquired infections (nursing home,
clinic, etc.)
Most AMR infections are ___. -Correct Answer ✔Community-acquired
Most deaths due to AMR infections are ___. -Correct Answer ✔Nosocomial
AMR occurs ___. -Correct Answer ✔Naturally
AMR leads to: -Correct Answer ✔Longer hospital stays, higher medical costs, increased
mortality
Describe the trend in percentage of ABR infections. -Correct Answer ✔Annually, the
number of bacterial infections stays pretty constant; percentage of ABR infections keeps
increasing.
How does ABR lead to higher medical costs? -Correct Answer ✔1. Cost of prescription
antibiotics
2. Prolonged hospital stays
3. Additional diagnostics/lab tests
4. Need to hire specialists
MCB4271
,MCB4271
Describe the relationship between numbers of resistant bacteria and numbers of novel
antibiotics. -Correct Answer ✔Resistant bacteria - increasing
Antibiotics - almost 0
How long does it take for an antibiotic to develop clinical resistance? -Correct Answer
✔8 years
What are 7 major factors contributing to AMR in healthcare? -Correct Answer ✔1.
Misuse of antibiotics
2. Use of antibiotics in healthcare
3. Lack of antibiotics (untreated person with resistant bacteria poses a risk to others)
4. Poor sanitation/personal hygiene
5. Inadequate infection controls in healthcare settings
6. Limiting exposure to microbes
7. Antimicrobials in personal hygiene products
What are 3 factors contributing to antibiotic misuse? -Correct Answer ✔1. Underuse -
not finishing prescriptions
2. Use - using antibiotics increases risks for other infections (e.g., C. diff)
3. Overuse - 25 to 75% prescriptions; given when not needed, continued when not
necessary, wrong dose, wrong antibiotic
Describe how population growth leads to antibiotic resistance. -Correct Answer
✔Increase in global population --> increase in food demand --> increased animal
farming --> increased disease transmission on farms --> increased use of antibiotics -->
increased ABR --> increased probability of humans encountering low levels of
antibiotics --> increased ABR
What are 2 reasons for antibiotics being used for farming? -Correct Answer ✔1. Growth
promoters - either inhibit gut bacteria, which leads to increased energy uptake, or kill
pathogenic bacteria, resulting in more energy for growth
2. Infection control - cheaper than hygiene controls
When were antibiotics approved for use as growth promoters in poultry, beef, and pork
industries? -Correct Answer ✔1951
How much of the antibiotics in the US are used for animals? -Correct Answer ✔70%
What is the leading driver of ABR? -Correct Answer ✔Antibiotics used in agriculture
Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) -Correct Answer ✔A method of identifying bacterial
isolates by directly measuring the DNA sequence variation in housekeeping genes
E. faecalis ST16 -Correct Answer ✔Gentamicin-resistant strains detected in pig
populations in Denmark; later, 2 patients had community-acquired infections and died.
MCB4271
, MCB4271
The study found that what 3 things can be spread on the wind? -Correct Answer
✔Antibiotics, bacteria, and resistance genes
4 consequences of antibiotic use in farm animals -Correct Answer ✔1. Enhanced
development of resistance to antibiotics
2. Transmission of resistant bacteria to humans
3. Contamination of the environment by air particulates that carry antibiotics, resistance
genes, and bacteria
4. Emergence of novel antibiotic resistance mechanisms
5 consequences of antibiotic use in farm animals on human health -Correct Answer ✔1.
Increased morbidity/mortality
2. Reduced efficacy of human antibiotics
3. Increased healthcare costs
4. Increased potential for global spread of resistance
5. Facilitated emergence of resistance in human pathogens
True or False: The FDA banned the use of antibiotics as growth promoters. -Correct
Answer ✔True
2 reasons that it's difficult to eliminate antibiotic use on farms -Correct Answer ✔1. Very
easy, uncontrolled access
2. Loss of money to farms/farming companies/pharmaceuticals
What are major reservoirs of ABR in the environment? Which 3 of these are the most
important? -Correct Answer ✔*Food animals
*Pets
*Humans
Wild animals
Soil/water/produce
How can antibiotic resistant bacteria be transmitted through the air? -Correct Answer
✔On aerosols; on solid particles
7 sources of bacteria in the air -Correct Answer ✔1. Humans/animals
2. Fecal matter
3. Wastewater
4. Soil
5. Leaves
6. Water
7. Composting facilities
CFU -Correct Answer ✔A unit used to estimate the number of viable bacteria under the
assumption that a single bacterium will form a single colony.
MCB4271
