NURS 6050 EXAM SCRIPT 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS MARKED A+
✔✔why are two "hits" required to inactivate tumor-suppressor genes? - ✔✔because
each allele must be altered and each person has two copies, or alleles, of each gene,
one from each parent. - a single genetic event can activate an oncogene, acting in a
dominant manner in the cell. however, we have two copies, or alleles, of each gene,
one from each parent. it therefore takes two hits to inactivate the two alleles of a tumor-
suppressor gene, allowing the process to become active.
✔✔the major virus involved in cervical cancer is: - ✔✔human papillomavirus - virtually
all cervical cancer is caused by infection with specific subtypes of HPV
✔✔how does chronic inflammation cause cancer? - ✔✔by releasing compounds such
as reactive oxygen species that promote mutations - inflammatory cells release
compounds, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), and other reactive molecules that
can promote mutations and block the cellular response to DNA damage.
✔✔inherited mutations that predispose to cancer are almost invariably what kind of
gene? - ✔✔tumor-suppressor genes - these inherited mutations that predispose to
cancer are almost invariably in tumor-suppressor genes.
✔✔what is the consequence for cells when the functioning TP53 gene is lost due to
mutation? - ✔✔cells escape apoptosis - cancer cells, when they reach a critical stage,
activate telomerase somehow in order to restore and maintain their telomeres and
thereby make it possible to divide over and over again, thus preventing apoptosis.
✔✔which of the following has been shown to increase the risk of cancer when used in
combination with tobacco smoking? - ✔✔alcohol - alcohol interacts with smoke,
increasing the risk of malignant tumors, possible by acting as a solvent for the
carcinogenic chemicals in smoke products.
✔✔all of the following are functions of the p53 protein except - ✔✔phosphorylates and
inhibits the pRb protein.
✔✔proto-oncogene - ✔✔unaltered normal allele
✔✔pleomorphic - ✔✔cells that vary in size and shape
✔✔anaplasia - ✔✔loss of differentiation
✔✔caretaker gene - ✔✔responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity
✔✔autocrine stimulation - ✔✔cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth
SOLUTIONS MARKED A+
✔✔why are two "hits" required to inactivate tumor-suppressor genes? - ✔✔because
each allele must be altered and each person has two copies, or alleles, of each gene,
one from each parent. - a single genetic event can activate an oncogene, acting in a
dominant manner in the cell. however, we have two copies, or alleles, of each gene,
one from each parent. it therefore takes two hits to inactivate the two alleles of a tumor-
suppressor gene, allowing the process to become active.
✔✔the major virus involved in cervical cancer is: - ✔✔human papillomavirus - virtually
all cervical cancer is caused by infection with specific subtypes of HPV
✔✔how does chronic inflammation cause cancer? - ✔✔by releasing compounds such
as reactive oxygen species that promote mutations - inflammatory cells release
compounds, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), and other reactive molecules that
can promote mutations and block the cellular response to DNA damage.
✔✔inherited mutations that predispose to cancer are almost invariably what kind of
gene? - ✔✔tumor-suppressor genes - these inherited mutations that predispose to
cancer are almost invariably in tumor-suppressor genes.
✔✔what is the consequence for cells when the functioning TP53 gene is lost due to
mutation? - ✔✔cells escape apoptosis - cancer cells, when they reach a critical stage,
activate telomerase somehow in order to restore and maintain their telomeres and
thereby make it possible to divide over and over again, thus preventing apoptosis.
✔✔which of the following has been shown to increase the risk of cancer when used in
combination with tobacco smoking? - ✔✔alcohol - alcohol interacts with smoke,
increasing the risk of malignant tumors, possible by acting as a solvent for the
carcinogenic chemicals in smoke products.
✔✔all of the following are functions of the p53 protein except - ✔✔phosphorylates and
inhibits the pRb protein.
✔✔proto-oncogene - ✔✔unaltered normal allele
✔✔pleomorphic - ✔✔cells that vary in size and shape
✔✔anaplasia - ✔✔loss of differentiation
✔✔caretaker gene - ✔✔responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity
✔✔autocrine stimulation - ✔✔cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth
