NURS 6050 EVALUATION EXAM 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS MARKED A+
✔✔Cortisol circulates in the plasma free (unbound) and bound to protein.
True or False - ✔✔True - Cortisol circulates in the plasma, both protein bound and free.
✔✔A person does not have a stress reaction unless the stress exceeds his or her
coping abilities.
True or False - ✔✔True - In general, a person experiences stress when a demand
exceeds a person's coping abilities, resulting in reactions such as disturbances of
cognition, emotion, and behavior that can adversely affect well-being.
✔✔Stress and negative emotions have not been associated with the production of
increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines.
True or False - ✔✔False - Stress and negative emotions are associated directly with the
production of increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, providing a possible link
between stress, immune function, and disease.
✔✔Although stress generally inhibits the female reproductive system, it increases the
production of testosterone.
True or False - ✔✔False - Stress generally inhibits the female reproductive system
(Figure 10-6). Testosterone levels decrease after stressful stimuli.
✔✔Stress has no effect on the development of cancer.
True or False - ✔✔False - Illustrating the influence of an individualized stress appraisal
on physiologic processes, a meta-analysis of the relationships between stressors and
immunity found that a higher perception of stress was associated with reduced T
cytotoxic (Tc)-cell cytotoxicity although not with levels of circulating Th or Tc
lymphocytes.
✔✔Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms for
destruction by neutrophils and macrophages?
Kinin system
Complement cascade
Immune system
Clotting system - ✔✔Complement cascade
, C3b (a component of the complement cascade) adheres to the surface of a pathogenic
microorganism and serves as an efficient opsonin. Opsonins are molecules that "tag"
microorganisms for destruction by cells of the inflammatory system (primarily
neutrophils and macrophages).
✔✔Which of the following indicates a correct sequence in phagocytosis?
Engulfment, fusion, recognition, destruction
Engulfment, recognition, fusion, destruction
Recognition, engulfment, fusion, destruction
Fusion, engulfment, recognition, destruction - ✔✔Recognition, engulfment, fusion,
destruction
Once the phagocytic cell enters the inflammatory site, the process of phagocytosis
involves the following steps: (1) opsonization, recognition of the target and adherence of
the phagocyte to it, (2) engulfment (ingestion or endocytosis) and formation of
phagosome, (3) fusion with lysosomal granules within the phagocyte (phagolysosome),
and (4) destruction of the target (Figure 6-11).
✔✔The predominant phagocytic cells in the later stages of an inflammatory response
are:
Chemokines
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Neutrophils - ✔✔Monocytes
The next phagocytes on the scene are monocytes and macrophages, which perform
many of the same functions as neutrophils but for a longer time and in a later stage of
the inflammatory response.
✔✔A role of NK cells is to:
Eliminate malignant cells
Bind tightly to antigens
Proliferate after immunization with antigen
Initiate the complement cascade - ✔✔Eliminate malignant cells
The main function of NK cells is recognition and elimination of cells infected with
viruses, although they are also somewhat effective at elimination of other abnormal host
cells, specifically cancer cells.
✔✔TNF-a is secreted from:
Bacterial infected cells
AND SOLUTIONS MARKED A+
✔✔Cortisol circulates in the plasma free (unbound) and bound to protein.
True or False - ✔✔True - Cortisol circulates in the plasma, both protein bound and free.
✔✔A person does not have a stress reaction unless the stress exceeds his or her
coping abilities.
True or False - ✔✔True - In general, a person experiences stress when a demand
exceeds a person's coping abilities, resulting in reactions such as disturbances of
cognition, emotion, and behavior that can adversely affect well-being.
✔✔Stress and negative emotions have not been associated with the production of
increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines.
True or False - ✔✔False - Stress and negative emotions are associated directly with the
production of increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, providing a possible link
between stress, immune function, and disease.
✔✔Although stress generally inhibits the female reproductive system, it increases the
production of testosterone.
True or False - ✔✔False - Stress generally inhibits the female reproductive system
(Figure 10-6). Testosterone levels decrease after stressful stimuli.
✔✔Stress has no effect on the development of cancer.
True or False - ✔✔False - Illustrating the influence of an individualized stress appraisal
on physiologic processes, a meta-analysis of the relationships between stressors and
immunity found that a higher perception of stress was associated with reduced T
cytotoxic (Tc)-cell cytotoxicity although not with levels of circulating Th or Tc
lymphocytes.
✔✔Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms for
destruction by neutrophils and macrophages?
Kinin system
Complement cascade
Immune system
Clotting system - ✔✔Complement cascade
, C3b (a component of the complement cascade) adheres to the surface of a pathogenic
microorganism and serves as an efficient opsonin. Opsonins are molecules that "tag"
microorganisms for destruction by cells of the inflammatory system (primarily
neutrophils and macrophages).
✔✔Which of the following indicates a correct sequence in phagocytosis?
Engulfment, fusion, recognition, destruction
Engulfment, recognition, fusion, destruction
Recognition, engulfment, fusion, destruction
Fusion, engulfment, recognition, destruction - ✔✔Recognition, engulfment, fusion,
destruction
Once the phagocytic cell enters the inflammatory site, the process of phagocytosis
involves the following steps: (1) opsonization, recognition of the target and adherence of
the phagocyte to it, (2) engulfment (ingestion or endocytosis) and formation of
phagosome, (3) fusion with lysosomal granules within the phagocyte (phagolysosome),
and (4) destruction of the target (Figure 6-11).
✔✔The predominant phagocytic cells in the later stages of an inflammatory response
are:
Chemokines
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Neutrophils - ✔✔Monocytes
The next phagocytes on the scene are monocytes and macrophages, which perform
many of the same functions as neutrophils but for a longer time and in a later stage of
the inflammatory response.
✔✔A role of NK cells is to:
Eliminate malignant cells
Bind tightly to antigens
Proliferate after immunization with antigen
Initiate the complement cascade - ✔✔Eliminate malignant cells
The main function of NK cells is recognition and elimination of cells infected with
viruses, although they are also somewhat effective at elimination of other abnormal host
cells, specifically cancer cells.
✔✔TNF-a is secreted from:
Bacterial infected cells
