NUR 221 EXAM 2 | 281 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS | GRADED
A+ | NEW UPDATE 2025
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) - ANSWER Energy needed at rest to maintain life-
sustaining activities for a specific amount of time. Older adults have a slower BMR
Resting energy expenditure (REE) - ANSWER Amount of energy needed to
consume over 24-hour period for the body to maintain internal working activities
while at rest
Carbohydrates - ANSWER Main source of energy in the diet. composed of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. produces 4 kcal/g and serves as the main source of
fuel (glucose) for the brain, skeletal muscles during exercise, erythrocyte and
leukocyte production, and cell function of the renal medulla.
Protein - ANSWER made up of amino acids. Necessary for nitrogen balance.
Proteins provide a source of energy (4 kcal/g), and they are essential for the
growth, maintenance and repair of body tissue. Consist of oxygen, carbon,
hydrogen, and nitrogen.
Fats (lipids) - ANSWER Fats (lipids) are the most calorie-dense nutrient,
providing 9 kcal/g.
Fats are composed of triglycerides and fatty acids.
Water - ANSWER makes up 60-70% of body weight.
Infants have greatest percentage of total body water
,Vitamins - ANSWER organic substances present in small amounts in foods that
are essential to normal metabolism. They are chemicals that act as catalysts in
biochemical reactions.
Minerals - ANSWER inorganic elements essential to the body as catalysts in
biochemical reactions.
normal BMI - ANSWER 18.5-24.9
overweight BMI - ANSWER 25-29.9
obese BMI - ANSWER >30
Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) - ANSWER If a patient scores 11 or less on
the screening part, the health care provider completes the assessment part. A
total score of less than 17 indicates protein-energy malnutrition.
Calculate nitrogen balance - ANSWER by dividing 6.25 into the total grams of
protein ingested in a day
Serum Laboratory Values - ANSWER Albumin
Prealbumin
Hemoglobin
Metabolic half-life - ANSWER Albumin- 21 days (long term)
,Transferrin- 8 days
Prealbumin- 2 days (acute term)
Albumin - ANSWER Normal Value (adult): 3.5-5.0 g/dl
<2.8 associated with edema
21 days half life (long term)
Synthesized in the liver from amino acids; indicator of prolonged protein depletion
Prealbumin - ANSWER Normal value 15-36mg/dl
<10.7 is severe nutritional deficiency
acute term 2 days
Determines protein depletion in acute conditions
Hemoglobin - ANSWER 12-16 g/dl in females
14-18 g/dl in males
the iron-containing pigment of the Red blood cells; assists with O2 and CO2
transport.
Fruitarian - ANSWER consumes fruit, nuts, honey, and olive oil
vegan - ANSWER consumes only plant food
Lactovegetarian - ANSWER drinks milk but avoids eggs
, Ovolactovegetarian - ANSWER avoids meat, fish, and poultry, but eats eggs
and milk
Dysphagia - ANSWER Difficulty swallowing, at risk for aspiration. Need a
speech and language consult. Most common dysphagia is silent and occurs
without a cough. patients eat with a chin tuck and food goes on strong side of the
mouth
NPO Diet - ANSWER nothing by mouth. Rest the GI tract or for patients with
swallowing problems.require enternal if NPO >5 days
Pureed Diet - ANSWER clients with dysphagia or wired jaws; foods that have
been blenderized to smooth consistency
Soft/Low-residue diet - ANSWER reduces volume and frequency of stools
includes easily digested foods that are easy to chew and swallow
Dysphagia diets- 4 levels - ANSWER Dysphagia puree- pudding like
Dysphagia mechanically altered-soft texture
Dysphagia advanced- no hard, sticky or crunchy foods
Regular
These levels are determined by a swallow test
4 levels of liquid for dysphagia patients - ANSWER Liquid thin (water),
Nectar-like (apricot, prune, tomato),
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS | GRADED
A+ | NEW UPDATE 2025
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) - ANSWER Energy needed at rest to maintain life-
sustaining activities for a specific amount of time. Older adults have a slower BMR
Resting energy expenditure (REE) - ANSWER Amount of energy needed to
consume over 24-hour period for the body to maintain internal working activities
while at rest
Carbohydrates - ANSWER Main source of energy in the diet. composed of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. produces 4 kcal/g and serves as the main source of
fuel (glucose) for the brain, skeletal muscles during exercise, erythrocyte and
leukocyte production, and cell function of the renal medulla.
Protein - ANSWER made up of amino acids. Necessary for nitrogen balance.
Proteins provide a source of energy (4 kcal/g), and they are essential for the
growth, maintenance and repair of body tissue. Consist of oxygen, carbon,
hydrogen, and nitrogen.
Fats (lipids) - ANSWER Fats (lipids) are the most calorie-dense nutrient,
providing 9 kcal/g.
Fats are composed of triglycerides and fatty acids.
Water - ANSWER makes up 60-70% of body weight.
Infants have greatest percentage of total body water
,Vitamins - ANSWER organic substances present in small amounts in foods that
are essential to normal metabolism. They are chemicals that act as catalysts in
biochemical reactions.
Minerals - ANSWER inorganic elements essential to the body as catalysts in
biochemical reactions.
normal BMI - ANSWER 18.5-24.9
overweight BMI - ANSWER 25-29.9
obese BMI - ANSWER >30
Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) - ANSWER If a patient scores 11 or less on
the screening part, the health care provider completes the assessment part. A
total score of less than 17 indicates protein-energy malnutrition.
Calculate nitrogen balance - ANSWER by dividing 6.25 into the total grams of
protein ingested in a day
Serum Laboratory Values - ANSWER Albumin
Prealbumin
Hemoglobin
Metabolic half-life - ANSWER Albumin- 21 days (long term)
,Transferrin- 8 days
Prealbumin- 2 days (acute term)
Albumin - ANSWER Normal Value (adult): 3.5-5.0 g/dl
<2.8 associated with edema
21 days half life (long term)
Synthesized in the liver from amino acids; indicator of prolonged protein depletion
Prealbumin - ANSWER Normal value 15-36mg/dl
<10.7 is severe nutritional deficiency
acute term 2 days
Determines protein depletion in acute conditions
Hemoglobin - ANSWER 12-16 g/dl in females
14-18 g/dl in males
the iron-containing pigment of the Red blood cells; assists with O2 and CO2
transport.
Fruitarian - ANSWER consumes fruit, nuts, honey, and olive oil
vegan - ANSWER consumes only plant food
Lactovegetarian - ANSWER drinks milk but avoids eggs
, Ovolactovegetarian - ANSWER avoids meat, fish, and poultry, but eats eggs
and milk
Dysphagia - ANSWER Difficulty swallowing, at risk for aspiration. Need a
speech and language consult. Most common dysphagia is silent and occurs
without a cough. patients eat with a chin tuck and food goes on strong side of the
mouth
NPO Diet - ANSWER nothing by mouth. Rest the GI tract or for patients with
swallowing problems.require enternal if NPO >5 days
Pureed Diet - ANSWER clients with dysphagia or wired jaws; foods that have
been blenderized to smooth consistency
Soft/Low-residue diet - ANSWER reduces volume and frequency of stools
includes easily digested foods that are easy to chew and swallow
Dysphagia diets- 4 levels - ANSWER Dysphagia puree- pudding like
Dysphagia mechanically altered-soft texture
Dysphagia advanced- no hard, sticky or crunchy foods
Regular
These levels are determined by a swallow test
4 levels of liquid for dysphagia patients - ANSWER Liquid thin (water),
Nectar-like (apricot, prune, tomato),
