BIO 305 EXAM 1 (Spring 2025 - UMICH)
correctly answered graded A+
Genetics - correct answer ✔✔The study of all aspects of genes
Genes - correct answer ✔✔The fundamental units of biological information
Transmission genetics - correct answer ✔✔Inheritance; transfer of genetic information from
generation to generation
Molecular genetics - correct answer ✔✔Structure and function of one or a few genes at a time
Genomics - correct answer ✔✔The study of complete gene sets (genomes)
Biological information - correct answer ✔✔Necessary to give form
DNA molecule - correct answer ✔✔generally refers to a double strand of DNA (DNA double
helix)
Diploid - correct answer ✔✔(2n) two complete copies of genome
Haploid - correct answer ✔✔(n) one set of chromosomes
Homologous pair - correct answer ✔✔two members of a chromosome
,Anti-parallel - correct answer ✔✔The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones
in a DNA double helix.
Complementary DNA nucleotide bases - correct answer ✔✔C-G (3 hydrogen bonds) and A-T (2
hydrogen bonds)
Central Dogma - correct answer ✔✔DNA -> RNA -> Protein
DNA Replication - correct answer ✔✔The process of making a copy of DNA (DNA synthesis)
Transcription - correct answer ✔✔The process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied
into mRNA (RNA synthesis)
Translation - correct answer ✔✔The process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is
produced
DNA influences? - correct answer ✔✔Genotype
Protein influences? - correct answer ✔✔Phenotype
Genotype - correct answer ✔✔An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations
underlying phenotypes (YY, Yy, yy or AA, Aa, aa)
Phenotype - correct answer ✔✔An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Gene Regulation - correct answer ✔✔The process of turning genes on or off; determines when,
where and how much of a given gene
, Mutations - correct answer ✔✔A change in the DNA sequence (usually)
-May or may not change phenotype
-Caused by internal or environmental factors
Mutants - correct answer ✔✔Individuals with a change in DNA that causes a non-wildtype
phenotype
Wild-type - correct answer ✔✔Most common phenotype for a species, that which is commonly
found in the wild
How mutations arise naturally or are introduced? - correct answer ✔✔Natural populations:
spontaneous mutations
Lab populations: controlled introduction of mutations
Polymorphism - correct answer ✔✔Differences among individuals of a species caused by
mutations, environment or both
Forward Genetics - correct answer ✔✔Treat normal wild-type cells with mutation-causing agent
mutation induced->gene discovery->DNA sequence and function
Reverse Genetics - correct answer ✔✔Known gene, unknown function; directed mutagenesis
Gene->targeted mutation->function
(DNA sequence to function)
Mutagenesis - correct answer ✔✔The creation of a mutation.
Mendelian Transmission Genetics - correct answer ✔✔Patterns or rules associated with single
gene inheritance (9:3:3:1 ratio)
correctly answered graded A+
Genetics - correct answer ✔✔The study of all aspects of genes
Genes - correct answer ✔✔The fundamental units of biological information
Transmission genetics - correct answer ✔✔Inheritance; transfer of genetic information from
generation to generation
Molecular genetics - correct answer ✔✔Structure and function of one or a few genes at a time
Genomics - correct answer ✔✔The study of complete gene sets (genomes)
Biological information - correct answer ✔✔Necessary to give form
DNA molecule - correct answer ✔✔generally refers to a double strand of DNA (DNA double
helix)
Diploid - correct answer ✔✔(2n) two complete copies of genome
Haploid - correct answer ✔✔(n) one set of chromosomes
Homologous pair - correct answer ✔✔two members of a chromosome
,Anti-parallel - correct answer ✔✔The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones
in a DNA double helix.
Complementary DNA nucleotide bases - correct answer ✔✔C-G (3 hydrogen bonds) and A-T (2
hydrogen bonds)
Central Dogma - correct answer ✔✔DNA -> RNA -> Protein
DNA Replication - correct answer ✔✔The process of making a copy of DNA (DNA synthesis)
Transcription - correct answer ✔✔The process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied
into mRNA (RNA synthesis)
Translation - correct answer ✔✔The process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is
produced
DNA influences? - correct answer ✔✔Genotype
Protein influences? - correct answer ✔✔Phenotype
Genotype - correct answer ✔✔An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations
underlying phenotypes (YY, Yy, yy or AA, Aa, aa)
Phenotype - correct answer ✔✔An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Gene Regulation - correct answer ✔✔The process of turning genes on or off; determines when,
where and how much of a given gene
, Mutations - correct answer ✔✔A change in the DNA sequence (usually)
-May or may not change phenotype
-Caused by internal or environmental factors
Mutants - correct answer ✔✔Individuals with a change in DNA that causes a non-wildtype
phenotype
Wild-type - correct answer ✔✔Most common phenotype for a species, that which is commonly
found in the wild
How mutations arise naturally or are introduced? - correct answer ✔✔Natural populations:
spontaneous mutations
Lab populations: controlled introduction of mutations
Polymorphism - correct answer ✔✔Differences among individuals of a species caused by
mutations, environment or both
Forward Genetics - correct answer ✔✔Treat normal wild-type cells with mutation-causing agent
mutation induced->gene discovery->DNA sequence and function
Reverse Genetics - correct answer ✔✔Known gene, unknown function; directed mutagenesis
Gene->targeted mutation->function
(DNA sequence to function)
Mutagenesis - correct answer ✔✔The creation of a mutation.
Mendelian Transmission Genetics - correct answer ✔✔Patterns or rules associated with single
gene inheritance (9:3:3:1 ratio)
