Human Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology – Complete
Review of Systems, Structures, and Diseases
Organ ✔✔a structure that is composed of two or more tissue types
Tissue ✔✔collection of similar cell acting together to perform a function
Neuron ✔✔the smallest structural unit of the nervous system
Nephron ✔✔the functional unit of the kidney
Mitochondria ✔✔serves as a function for cellular respiration
Membrane ✔✔layer of tissue that lines body cavities, covers organs, and separates structures
Body Cavities Terminology / Division Plane ✔✔imaginary plan (frontal, sagittal, midsagittal and
transverse) used a reference in describing positions.
Frontal Plane ✔✔plane that divides the body into front and back halves
Sagittal plane ✔✔plane that divides the body into left and right portions.
Midsagittal plane ✔✔passes along the midline and divides the body into equal left and right
halves.
Transverse plane ✔✔plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves
Body cavity ✔✔two main cavities in the body, dorsal and ventral.
Dorsal cavity ✔✔contains cranial and spinal cavity (brain, spinal cord)
Ventral cavity ✔✔contains the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
Integumentary System ✔✔The integumentary system is simple skin and its derivates. The
function of the skin is to provide protection, regulation of body temperature, sensory reception,
and the synthesis of vitamin D.
, Musculoskeletal System ✔✔The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones and muscles
Nervous System ✔✔This system is responsible for controlling all body activity by responding to
internal and external stimuli and sending out signals or impulses to nerves and various body
organs
The central nervous system contains the brain and spinal cord ✔✔The brain consists of four
major parts: cerebrum, the cerebellum, the diencephalon, and the brainstem
The peripheral nervous system ✔✔subdivided into the somatic and the autonomic nervous
system
The somatic nervous system ✔✔cranial and spinal nerves that connect the central nervous
system with the skin and skeletal muscles; it is responsible for conscious activities.
The autonomic nervous system ✔✔regulates the action of the glands, heart muscle, and
smooth muscles of hollow organs and vessels
Sensory System ✔✔he sensory system is commonly broken into the five senses (smell, taste,
sight, hearing, touch and pressure), important senses in human beings.
Smell ✔✔olfaction- sense of smell
Gustatory sense or taste ✔✔chemical sense produced by stimulation of taste buds. Taste buds
are distributed on the face of the tongue.
Sight ✔✔composed of the eye- that is composed of specialized tissues that permits sight.
Tears, lashes, eyelids, muscles, and fatty tissues protect the eye.
Hearing ✔✔composed of the ear- the organ provides hearing. It consists of three main part:
the external, middle, and the inner ear.
Blood ✔✔The amount of blood within the body of the average human adult is equivalent to a
measurement of five or six liters.
Red blood cells also referred to as RBCs or erythrocytes ✔✔are produced in the bone marrow
and live approximately 120 days. RBCs contain hemoglobin, the pigment responsible for the
reddish color of the blood.
Review of Systems, Structures, and Diseases
Organ ✔✔a structure that is composed of two or more tissue types
Tissue ✔✔collection of similar cell acting together to perform a function
Neuron ✔✔the smallest structural unit of the nervous system
Nephron ✔✔the functional unit of the kidney
Mitochondria ✔✔serves as a function for cellular respiration
Membrane ✔✔layer of tissue that lines body cavities, covers organs, and separates structures
Body Cavities Terminology / Division Plane ✔✔imaginary plan (frontal, sagittal, midsagittal and
transverse) used a reference in describing positions.
Frontal Plane ✔✔plane that divides the body into front and back halves
Sagittal plane ✔✔plane that divides the body into left and right portions.
Midsagittal plane ✔✔passes along the midline and divides the body into equal left and right
halves.
Transverse plane ✔✔plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves
Body cavity ✔✔two main cavities in the body, dorsal and ventral.
Dorsal cavity ✔✔contains cranial and spinal cavity (brain, spinal cord)
Ventral cavity ✔✔contains the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
Integumentary System ✔✔The integumentary system is simple skin and its derivates. The
function of the skin is to provide protection, regulation of body temperature, sensory reception,
and the synthesis of vitamin D.
, Musculoskeletal System ✔✔The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones and muscles
Nervous System ✔✔This system is responsible for controlling all body activity by responding to
internal and external stimuli and sending out signals or impulses to nerves and various body
organs
The central nervous system contains the brain and spinal cord ✔✔The brain consists of four
major parts: cerebrum, the cerebellum, the diencephalon, and the brainstem
The peripheral nervous system ✔✔subdivided into the somatic and the autonomic nervous
system
The somatic nervous system ✔✔cranial and spinal nerves that connect the central nervous
system with the skin and skeletal muscles; it is responsible for conscious activities.
The autonomic nervous system ✔✔regulates the action of the glands, heart muscle, and
smooth muscles of hollow organs and vessels
Sensory System ✔✔he sensory system is commonly broken into the five senses (smell, taste,
sight, hearing, touch and pressure), important senses in human beings.
Smell ✔✔olfaction- sense of smell
Gustatory sense or taste ✔✔chemical sense produced by stimulation of taste buds. Taste buds
are distributed on the face of the tongue.
Sight ✔✔composed of the eye- that is composed of specialized tissues that permits sight.
Tears, lashes, eyelids, muscles, and fatty tissues protect the eye.
Hearing ✔✔composed of the ear- the organ provides hearing. It consists of three main part:
the external, middle, and the inner ear.
Blood ✔✔The amount of blood within the body of the average human adult is equivalent to a
measurement of five or six liters.
Red blood cells also referred to as RBCs or erythrocytes ✔✔are produced in the bone marrow
and live approximately 120 days. RBCs contain hemoglobin, the pigment responsible for the
reddish color of the blood.
