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Declaration of Helsinki - 1964
process of systematically assigning numbers to observations of phenomena of
interest
,categorizing and or quantifying concepts
necessary in order to perform statistical analysis as "scores" or values
assigned number to indicate the amount of some variable
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Measurement
dealing with right and wrong conduct
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ethics
declarative statements with usually agree/disagree responses
determine opinion, attitude, or viewpoint of a subject
contain declarative statements with a scale after each statement
items on an agree/disagree continuium
usually 5-7 response categories
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Likert Scales
One group-before-after designs & Time series designs
1. One group-before-after designs - Yield extremely weak evidence of causal
relationships; No comparison group, no randomization
2. Time series designs - gather pre intervention and post intervention data over a
longer period, extended time allows the ability to attribute change to the intervention
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Within-Subjects Quasi Experiments
initial right to privacy act
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Privacy act of 1974
sample size adequacy
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key determinant of the sample quality in quantitative research
inadequate sampling of study participants, researcher can't attain ideal sample
population
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Selection - threat to external validity
researcher's management of private info shared by a subject that must not be shared
with others without authorization of subject
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confidentiality
type of reliability
test-retest reliability - concerned with the stability or consistency of repeated
measures over time
researcher expects that a participant's score on a stable variable will not change over
time
example - if we measure a person's arm strength, we would expect the measurement
to be similar if we measured it one day later
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stability
make sample larger
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How can a researcher increase statistical power?
interview or questionnaire with items that can be combined to obtain an overall score;
more precise means of measuring phenomena, rating or score assigned to each item
or response
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