Micro bio 2460 exam 3 with correct answers
Binary | Fission | - | correct | answer1. | Growth | of | cell | size | and | increase | in | cell | components
2. | Replication | of | DNA
3. | Division | of | the | cytoplasm | (cytokinesis)
4. | Septum | formation | and | division | of | daughter | cells
binary | fission | step | 1 | (1. | Growth | of | cell | size | and | increase | in | cell | components) | - | correct | answer"The
| most | common | mechanism | of | cell | replication | in | bacteria | is | a | process | called | binary | fission, | ; | Before
| dividing, | the | cell | grows | and | increases | its | number | of | cellular | components."
Calculating | Number | of | Cells | - | correct | answer"The | number | of | cells | increases | exponentially | and | can |
be | expressed | as | 2n, | where | n | is | the | number | of | generations."
binary | fission | (2. | Replication | of | DNA) | - | correct | answer"DNA | Replication | starts | @ | circular |
chromosome(C.C) | (origin | of | replication) | C.C | attaches | to | inner | cell | membrane, | and | cont. | to |
replicate | in | in | opposite | directions | along | the | chromosome | until | the | terminus | is | reached."
binary | fission | ( | step | 3. | Division | of | the | cytoplasm | (cytokinesis) | - | correct | answer"The | center | of | the |
enlarged | cell | constricts | until | two | daughter | cells | are | formed, | each | offspring | receiving | a | complete |
copy | of | the | parental | genome | and | a | division | of | the | cytoplasm | (cytokinesis). | This | process | of |
cytokinesis | and | cell | division | is | directed | by | a | protein | called | FtsZ."
Z | ring | Assembly | - | correct | answer• | Cytokinesis | is | directed | by | FtsZ | protein |
• | FtsZ | assembles | Z | ring | to | form | divisome |
• | Divisome | activates | production | of | peptidoglycan | and | septum | that | divides | into | two | daughter | cells
Generation | Time | - | correct | answer"In | prokaryotes | (Bacteria | and | Archaea), | the | generation | time | is |
also | called | the | doubling | time | and | is | defined | as | the | time | it | takes | for | the | population | to | double |
through | one | round | of | binary | fission.
,In | eukaryotic | organisms, | the | generation | time | is | the | time | between | the | same | points | of | the | life |
cycle | in | two | successive | generations."
Growth | Curve | - | correct | answerClosed | cultures | have | finite | resources | (i.e. | nutrients)
• | Culture | density | - | # | of | cells/unit | vol.
• | Predictable | pattern | occurs
Culture | Density | - | correct | answer"defined | as | the | number | of | cells | per | unit | volume.
| and | also | a | measure | of | the | number | of | cells | in | the | population."
If | cells | divide | every | 30 | minutes, | after | 24 | hours, | 48 | divisions | would | have | taken | place. | - | correct |
answer"apply | the | formula | 2^n,
n=48 |
2^48 | = | 281,474,976,710,656 | cells | at | 48 | generations | (24 | hours).
or | in | scientific | notation |
2.8 | × | 10^14 | cells."
1. | Lag | phase-inoculum | cells | added | and | adjust | to | culture | medium
| ; | no | change | in | population | - | correct | answerInitial | cell | numbers | do | not | change
Cells | grow | larger; | metabolically | active
Damaged | or | shocked | cells | undergo | repair
Duration | of | the | lag | phase | determined | by | many | factors | including:
| • | Genetic | make-up |
• | Media | composition
| • | Initial | inoculum | size
2. | Log(exponential)phase-binary | fission | occurs; |
|cell | replication | > | cell | death | - | correct | answer• | Generation | time | is | genetically | determined | (intrinsic |
growth | rate)
,Time | vs. | # | of | cells | is |
Constant | growth | & | uniform | metabolism
; | good | for | industrial | applications
Most | susceptible | to | disinfectants | and | antibiotics | that | affect | protein, | DNA, | and | cell-wall | synthesis
3. | Stationary | phase-resources | become | depleted |
| cell | replication | = | cell | death | - | correct | answerWaste | accumulates; | nutrients | gradually | used | up
Culture | density | is | constant
Cells | enter | survival | mode; | synthesis | slows; |
less | susceptible | to | antibiotics
Undergo | sporulation | for | endospore-formers
Expression | of | virulence | factors | and | secondary | metabolite
4. | Death | phase-nb | endospores | can | form
| cell | replication | < | cell | death | - | correct | answer• | Toxic | waste | accumulates; | nutrients | exhausted |
• | Cells | lyse | and | release | nutrients | for | surviving | cells | and | endospore-formers
| • | Persisters- | surviving | cells | with | slow | metabolism |
• | Chronic | infections | (e.g. | tuberculosis); | antibiotic | resistance
Growth | Curve
, | Sustaining | Growth: | - | correct | answerOpen | system | cultures | have | infinite | resources
Nutrients | & | air | are | replenished
Dead | cells | & | waste | are
| removed
Beneficial | for | industrial | microbiology
chemostat
Measuring | Growth | - | correct | answer•Quantifying | populations | size | is | important | for | determining |
infection, | contamination | of | water | or | food | supply, | etc.
| • | Methods: |
• | Microscopic | cell | count
| • | Fluorescent | staining | for | alive | & | dead | cells
| • | Coulter | count |
• | Viable | cell | count |
• | Optical | Density
Measuring | Growth
| Direct | microscopic | cell | count | - | correct | answer- | cells | are | counted | under | a | microscope
|• | Known | volume | is | transferred | to | a | calibrated | slide | (Petroff-Hausser | chamber) | and | cells | are |
manually | counted
| • | Cannot | distinguish | live | vs. | dead
•Fluorescence | Staining | - | correct | answercells | are | counted | under | a | microscope | or | flow | cytometer |
| • | Red | stain | binds | to | damaged | cells | to | indicate | dead | cells
Coulter | counter | - | - | correct | answerdetects | electrical | resistance | change | due | to | cell | density
Binary | Fission | - | correct | answer1. | Growth | of | cell | size | and | increase | in | cell | components
2. | Replication | of | DNA
3. | Division | of | the | cytoplasm | (cytokinesis)
4. | Septum | formation | and | division | of | daughter | cells
binary | fission | step | 1 | (1. | Growth | of | cell | size | and | increase | in | cell | components) | - | correct | answer"The
| most | common | mechanism | of | cell | replication | in | bacteria | is | a | process | called | binary | fission, | ; | Before
| dividing, | the | cell | grows | and | increases | its | number | of | cellular | components."
Calculating | Number | of | Cells | - | correct | answer"The | number | of | cells | increases | exponentially | and | can |
be | expressed | as | 2n, | where | n | is | the | number | of | generations."
binary | fission | (2. | Replication | of | DNA) | - | correct | answer"DNA | Replication | starts | @ | circular |
chromosome(C.C) | (origin | of | replication) | C.C | attaches | to | inner | cell | membrane, | and | cont. | to |
replicate | in | in | opposite | directions | along | the | chromosome | until | the | terminus | is | reached."
binary | fission | ( | step | 3. | Division | of | the | cytoplasm | (cytokinesis) | - | correct | answer"The | center | of | the |
enlarged | cell | constricts | until | two | daughter | cells | are | formed, | each | offspring | receiving | a | complete |
copy | of | the | parental | genome | and | a | division | of | the | cytoplasm | (cytokinesis). | This | process | of |
cytokinesis | and | cell | division | is | directed | by | a | protein | called | FtsZ."
Z | ring | Assembly | - | correct | answer• | Cytokinesis | is | directed | by | FtsZ | protein |
• | FtsZ | assembles | Z | ring | to | form | divisome |
• | Divisome | activates | production | of | peptidoglycan | and | septum | that | divides | into | two | daughter | cells
Generation | Time | - | correct | answer"In | prokaryotes | (Bacteria | and | Archaea), | the | generation | time | is |
also | called | the | doubling | time | and | is | defined | as | the | time | it | takes | for | the | population | to | double |
through | one | round | of | binary | fission.
,In | eukaryotic | organisms, | the | generation | time | is | the | time | between | the | same | points | of | the | life |
cycle | in | two | successive | generations."
Growth | Curve | - | correct | answerClosed | cultures | have | finite | resources | (i.e. | nutrients)
• | Culture | density | - | # | of | cells/unit | vol.
• | Predictable | pattern | occurs
Culture | Density | - | correct | answer"defined | as | the | number | of | cells | per | unit | volume.
| and | also | a | measure | of | the | number | of | cells | in | the | population."
If | cells | divide | every | 30 | minutes, | after | 24 | hours, | 48 | divisions | would | have | taken | place. | - | correct |
answer"apply | the | formula | 2^n,
n=48 |
2^48 | = | 281,474,976,710,656 | cells | at | 48 | generations | (24 | hours).
or | in | scientific | notation |
2.8 | × | 10^14 | cells."
1. | Lag | phase-inoculum | cells | added | and | adjust | to | culture | medium
| ; | no | change | in | population | - | correct | answerInitial | cell | numbers | do | not | change
Cells | grow | larger; | metabolically | active
Damaged | or | shocked | cells | undergo | repair
Duration | of | the | lag | phase | determined | by | many | factors | including:
| • | Genetic | make-up |
• | Media | composition
| • | Initial | inoculum | size
2. | Log(exponential)phase-binary | fission | occurs; |
|cell | replication | > | cell | death | - | correct | answer• | Generation | time | is | genetically | determined | (intrinsic |
growth | rate)
,Time | vs. | # | of | cells | is |
Constant | growth | & | uniform | metabolism
; | good | for | industrial | applications
Most | susceptible | to | disinfectants | and | antibiotics | that | affect | protein, | DNA, | and | cell-wall | synthesis
3. | Stationary | phase-resources | become | depleted |
| cell | replication | = | cell | death | - | correct | answerWaste | accumulates; | nutrients | gradually | used | up
Culture | density | is | constant
Cells | enter | survival | mode; | synthesis | slows; |
less | susceptible | to | antibiotics
Undergo | sporulation | for | endospore-formers
Expression | of | virulence | factors | and | secondary | metabolite
4. | Death | phase-nb | endospores | can | form
| cell | replication | < | cell | death | - | correct | answer• | Toxic | waste | accumulates; | nutrients | exhausted |
• | Cells | lyse | and | release | nutrients | for | surviving | cells | and | endospore-formers
| • | Persisters- | surviving | cells | with | slow | metabolism |
• | Chronic | infections | (e.g. | tuberculosis); | antibiotic | resistance
Growth | Curve
, | Sustaining | Growth: | - | correct | answerOpen | system | cultures | have | infinite | resources
Nutrients | & | air | are | replenished
Dead | cells | & | waste | are
| removed
Beneficial | for | industrial | microbiology
chemostat
Measuring | Growth | - | correct | answer•Quantifying | populations | size | is | important | for | determining |
infection, | contamination | of | water | or | food | supply, | etc.
| • | Methods: |
• | Microscopic | cell | count
| • | Fluorescent | staining | for | alive | & | dead | cells
| • | Coulter | count |
• | Viable | cell | count |
• | Optical | Density
Measuring | Growth
| Direct | microscopic | cell | count | - | correct | answer- | cells | are | counted | under | a | microscope
|• | Known | volume | is | transferred | to | a | calibrated | slide | (Petroff-Hausser | chamber) | and | cells | are |
manually | counted
| • | Cannot | distinguish | live | vs. | dead
•Fluorescence | Staining | - | correct | answercells | are | counted | under | a | microscope | or | flow | cytometer |
| • | Red | stain | binds | to | damaged | cells | to | indicate | dead | cells
Coulter | counter | - | - | correct | answerdetects | electrical | resistance | change | due | to | cell | density
