CALT EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 ACCURATE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS <RECENT VERSION>

CALT EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 ACCURATE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS &lt;RECENT VERSION&gt; 1. Decoding - ANSWER word recognition in which the phonetic code is broken down to determine a word 2. Blending - ANSWER fusing individual sounds, syllables or words into meaningful units 3. Reading - ANSWER symbol to sound / grapheme to phoneme 4. Morpheme - ANSWER the smallest meaningful unit of language - a suffix, prefix, root or stem such as awe, dis, in, inter, or word part such as cat, man. etc. Knowledge of word meaning, rapid word recognition, and spelling ability greatly depend on knowledge of word structure at the level of morphemes. 5. Morphology - ANSWER the study of word formation patterns, meaningful units that make words 6. Fricative - ANSWER a sound produced by forcing air through a narrow opening between the teeth or lips / f / / sh / / z / 7. Nasal sound - ANSWER a sound produced by forcing air out through th nose / n / / m / 8. Continuant sound - ANSWER a sound prolonged in its production / m / / s / / f / 9. stop consonant sound - ANSWER a sound obstructed / they must be clipped off / b / / d / 10. aspiration - ANSWER puff of air 11. Norman Invasion - ANSWER 1066 A.D., had a great effect on English language, William the Conqueror, French spoken by upper class brought words like furniture, painter, tailor, beef, pork, mutton, Brought monks who added w and u, also the dot for the i and tail for the j. Alphabet complete at 26 letters 12. Attention - ANSWER selctive focus on what is important while screening out distractions 13. Auditory Learners - ANSWER participate in classroom discussions, make speeches/presentations, use tape recordings for lectures, read text out loud, create musical jingles, create mnemonics to aid memorization, discuss ideas verbally 14. Auditory Processing - ANSWER Given normal hearing, the ability to understand spoken language in a meaningful way 15. Battery - ANSWER a group of several tests standardized on the same sample population so that results on the several tests are comparable 16. Chall's Six Stages of Reading - ANSWER Students proceed through predictable stages of learning to read 17. Stage 0 - ANSWER Pre-reading - Oral Language Development 18. Stage 1 - ANSWER Initial Reading - Letters represent sounds, sound spelling relationships 19. Stage 2 - ANSWER Confirmation and Fluency - Decoding Skills, fluency, additional strategies 20. Stage 3 - ANSWER Reading for learning the new - expand vocabularies, build background adn world knowledge, develop strategic habits 21. Stage 4 - ANSWER Multiple viewpoints - analyze text critically, understand multiple points of view 22. Stage 5 - ANSWER Constrution and Reconstruction - construct understanding based on analysis and synthesis. 23. Cognition - ANSWER Ability to think, reason, and solve problems. Skills are usually measured by an individual test of intelligence. Requires being able to generalize from past experience and use that knowledge to respond to new situations. 24. Cognitive Assessment - ANSWER The process of systematically gathering test scores and related data in order to make a judgment about an individual's ability to perform various mental activities involved in the processing, acquisition, retention, conceptualization, and organization of sensory, perceptual, verbal, spatial and psychomotor information. 25. Components of Reading Instruction - ANSWER Phonemic Awareness, Phonics, Vocabulary Development, Reading Fluency including oral reading skills, and reading comprehension strategies 26. Composite Score - ANSWER A score that combines several scores according to a speficied formula. 27. Comprehension - ANSWER Making sense of what we read. It is dependent on good word recognition, fluency, vocabulary, wordly knowledge,and language ability 28. Consonant - ANSWER One of a class of speech sounds in which sounds moving through the vocal tract is constricted or pbstructed by the lips, tongue or teeth during articulation 29. Criterion referenced test - ANSWER results can be used to determine student's progress toward mastry of content area. 30. CTOPP - ANSWER Screening test includes phonological awareness, phonological memory, rapid naming. Norms given in percentiles, standard scores, age and grade equivalents 31. Curriculum referenced test - ANSWER comprehensive end-of-year exams, reflecting the specific subject matter outlined in the curriculum. 32. Derivative - ANSWER A word made from a base word by the addition of one or more affixes 33. Derived score - ANSWER a score to which raw scroes are converted by numerical transformation (percentile ranks or standard scores) 34. Diagnostic teaching - ANSWER individualized teaching based on continual assessment of student's needs. Content should be mastered to the level of automaticity 35. Diagnostic test - ANSWER test used to identify the nature and source of an individual's educational, psychological, or medical difficulties or disabilities in order to facilitate correction or remediation. 36. Dr. Rudolf Berlin - ANSWER 1887 - ophthalmologist - introduced the term dyslexia 37. Dr. W. Pringle Morgan - ANSWER 1896 - wrote first article in medical literature on "word blindness" in children 38. Dyslexia - ANSWER a specific learning disability that is neurological in origin, characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities. These difficulties typically result from a deficit in the phonological component of language that is often unexpected in relation to other cognitive abilities and the provision or effective classroom instruction. Secondary consequences may include problems in reading comprehension and reduced reading experience that can impede the growth of vocabulary. 39. Expressive language - ANSWER the ability to organize thoughts and express them verbally to convey meaning to others 40. Fluency - ANSWER the ability to translate print to speech with rapidity and automaticity that allows the reader to focus on meaning 41. Frank Smith - ANSWER Whole language. Founder of Whole language concept 42. Funding - ANSWER a district's dyslexia program is considered past of the basic, required curriculum. State compensatory funds can only be used to provide programs, projects, activities, and materials that supplement the regular dyslexia program. 43. GORT = Gray Oral Reading Test - ANSWER provides an efficient and objective measure of growth in oral reading and an aid in the diagnosis of oral reading difficulties 44. Great Vowel Shift - ANSWER major change in pronunciation of the English language that took place between 1350 and 1500. Spelling was becoming standardized in the 15th and 16th centuries - this is responsible for many of the peculiarities of English spelling 45. Greek layer of language - ANSWER scientific terminology - roots often combine forms and compound to form new words 46. James Hinshelwood - ANSWER 1904 - reported 2 cases of "congenital word blindness", called for schools to establish procedures for screening as well as appropriate teaching of those that were identified with congenital word-blindness 47. Joe Torgesen - ANSWER nationally known for research on both the prevention and remediation of reading difficulties in young children as well as work on assessment of phonological awareness and reading 48. Keith Stanovich - ANSWER His research in the field of reading was fundamental to the emergence of today's scientific consensus about what reading is, how it works and what it does for the mind. The Matthew Effect 49. Kenneth and Yetta Goodman - ANSWER Whole language, Drop Everythng and read, evaluation through miscues, founds of whole language alphabetic language - ANSWER English; meaning symbols and letters reflect pronunciation of a sound; ESL students' first lang may not be alphabetic because they use symbols; phonological knowledge must be taught, so alphabet needs to be taught 50. Alphabetic Principle - ANSWER an understanding that letters and letter patterns represent the sounds of spoken words. 51. Phoneme - ANSWER The smallest unit of sound that distinguishes one word from another 52. Morpheme - ANSWER The smallest meaningful unit of sound (or meaningful linguistic unit) in a word 53. Alphabetic Principal - ANSWER The relationship between letters and sounds, in a Left to Right orientation and phonemes (sounds) ordered in a specific temporal sequence in a spoken word. 54. In which field of study do we typically find words of Greek origin? - ANSWER science (sometimes theater, religion and sports) 55. What are the clues that a common English Word is of Anglo-Saxon derivation? - ANSWER short, irregular, common everyday words (i.e. give, mother) 56. What is the ultimate goal in handwriting instruction? - ANSWER easy to write, easy to read 57. What does the "schwa" mark represent in most dictionaries? - ANSWER an accented vowel sound, usually a (uh)